Introduction Delayed carpal tunnel syndrome (DCTS) in patients with malunited fracture of the distal metaepiphysis of the radius (DMR) develops from several weeks to months after the injury. The main treatment method for these patients is corrective osteotomy and fixation of the radius bone. However, the necessity and methods of median nerve decompression still remain controversial.

Purpose To evaluate long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with a malunited distal radius fractures and concurrent delayed carpal tunnel syndrome, depending on the method of median nerve decompression, and to develop a treatment concept.

Methods The results of treatment were studied in 33 patients (30 women and three men, average age 54.6 years) with malunited DMR fracture complicated by DCTS. All patients underwent corrective osteotomy of the distal radius and osteosynthesis with a volar locking plate. Open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) was performed in  the  first group of patients through a separate limited surgical approach (n = 19), while decompression of the median nerve was carried out through an extended flexor carpi radialis (EFCR) approach in the second group (n = 14). Patients were evaluated clinically (wrist range of motion, hand strength, VAS pain level, DASH score), radiographically, and electromyographically before surgery and one year after it. DCTS severity and DR deformity were compared.

Results After the operation, patients in both groups showed improvement in clinical, radiographic and ENMG parameters. The average union time was 12 weeks. Better results were achieved in the first group: the hand grip strength increased significantly, as did daily activity and the amplitude of the M-response of the short muscle abducting the thumb. The most significant changes were observed in moderate and severe DCTS cases, as well as in the intermediate and predominantly dorsal DR deformity.

Discussion The questions about the advisability of simultaneous decompression of the median nerve in  patients with OCTR and the nature of the corresponding approaches do not have a clear answer. Most authors believe that it is sufficient to perform only corrective osteotomy and osteosynthesis. Our study showed the importance of a differentiated approach to solving this problem.

Conclusions Corrective osteotomy and volar locking plate osteosynthesis in carpal tunnel release are reliable and effective treatments for malunited DMR fractures with concurrent delayed carpal tunnel syndrome. The best results were obtained after open carpal tunnel release from a separate limited approach in patients with moderate and severe deformity of the distal metaepiphysis of the radius, combined with “intermediate” and “predominantly dorsal deformity. In mild DCTS cases, as well as in cases of predominantly palmar DMR deformity, decompression of the median nerve can be performed from the main EFCR approach.

Background Tactical and technical errors in repair of pediatric forearm fractures can be associated with various complications including refractures. There are many questions regarding diagnosis (osteoreparation at the time of the occurrence) and in surgical treatment.

The objective was to improve outcomes of pediatic forearm refractures treated with intramedullary osteosynthesis considering a osteoreparation period and the time of the occurrence.

Material and methods There were 48 children with forearm refractures treated in the clinic between 2010 and  2020. The patients were divided into two groups. Patients of group 1 (n = 25) were treated with intramedullary osteosynthesis neglecting the regenerative process and the timing of refracture relative to  the  primary fracture. Patients of group 2 (n = 23) sustained a recurrent fracture at 6 months of early osteoregeneration with developing callosity. Re-fracture occurred in 19 (76.0 %) patients of group 1 including six children (24 %) with two or greater occurrences. Recurrence was observed in 16 (69.6 %) cases of group 2 including seven patients (30.4 %) who sustained more than two fractures.

Results The timing of re-fractures, immobilization and gradual removal of fixation components can facilitate improved short- and long-term results of surgical treatment and prevent complications that were evident in 22 (95.6 %) children of group 2 with good results observed at 6 months.

Discussion The calluses were replete with blood vessels indicating the normal regeneration for fractures that  occurred at 6 months of the initial fracture. No vessels in the callus were seen after 6 months due to resorption of the bundles and poor fracture healing.

Conclusion The outcome of re-consolidation would be dependent on the stage of bone regeneration at the time of forearm refracture. The regeneration process was more effective in the early stage of re-fracture.

Introduction Total hip arthroplasty in defects of the acetabulum is a complex type of surgical intervention, and the search for optimal implants and bone substituting materials to restore the integrity of the acetabulum is one of the current problems. The aim of the work was to analyze the results of primary and revision hip arthroplasty with compensation of acetabulum defects.

Materials and methods The study material consisted of 93 patients with primary (65) and revision (28) total hip arthroplasty in the presence of bone defects of the acetabulum of varying severity. To systematize primary defects, the classification of the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS, 2017) was used; for defects in revision surgeries, the classification of W.G. Paprosky (1994) was used. Clinical, radiological, and statistical study methods were used. The results of managing bone defects of the acetabulum with various methods of compensation were studied. The Harris Hip Score (HHS), 1969, was used to assess the function of the involved joints.

Results Depending on the type of acetabular defects, an algorithm was developed for choosing a bone grafting method for acetabular defects and implanting the cup. The best results were observed for cases of a combination of resorbable and non-resorbable bone graft materials and cementless fixation of the pelvic component. A clinical example of three consecutive revision interventions on one hip joint in a patient with bilateral dysplastic coxarthrosis is presented.

Discussion The most widely used method of bone grafting in primary arthroplasty is plastic surgery with autologous chips from the femoral head. In significant bone tissue loss, one of the plastic surgery options is a structural auto- or allograft, the use of which allows restoring the rotation center and forming a bone support for possible future revisions; poor results with this method are caused by allograft lysis. In revision arthroplasty on the hip joint in large defects, plastic surgery of the defect is performed with crushed or structural allograft bone. An antiprotrusion constructs or cups made of trabecular metal are installed; in instability of the pelvic ring, osteosynthesis of the posterior column is required. Trabecular metal structures feachuring high porosity and adhesion to bone and the elastic modulus close to bone tissue provide conditions for optimal primary and secondary fixation of the component.

Conclusion Long-term and painless functioning of the hip joint after arthroplasty performed for acetabular defects is possible with restoration of the spherical shape of the acetabulum and the center of joint rotation in the true acetabulum, adequate elimination of bone tissue loss, reliable primary fixation of the cup with provision of conditions due to restoration and osteointegration. Acetabular defects are diverse in  their anatomical manifestations, which create difficulties in choosing pelvic components, augments, and the method of their fixation to the pelvic bone. Based on the type of the acetabular defect, an algorithm has been developed for choosing a method for acetabular bone defect filling and implanting a cup.

Background Alpha defensin lateral flow (ADLF) test is a current accurate tool for detecting/excluding periprosthetic joint infection (PJI); however, its usage in patients with a hip joint spacer has not yet been fully studied.

The purpose of the study was to determine the diagnostic parameters (accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, AUC) of the alpha-defensin lateral flow test as part of the reinfection verification in patients with a hip joint spacer in the second stage of revision hip arthroplasty (RHA).

Material and methods In a prospective study the effectiveness of the intraoperative use of ADLF test was evaluated in 105 patients with hip joint spacers during the 2nd stage of revision hip arthroplasty (RHA). The standard microbiological examination of intraoperative samples of tissues and synovial fluid was accepted as the gold standard for re-infection diagnosis.

Results The growth of microflora according to the results of intraoperative microbiological examination was detected in 24 (23 %) cases. The discrepancy in the results of intraoperative microbiological examination and the results of the ADLF test was found in 10 (11 %) cases. False positive and false negative cases were identified. ADLF test demonstrated 96.39 % specificity, 89.52 % accuracy and 63.64 % sensitivity. The AUC index was 0.8.

Discussion ADLF test has good diagnostic indicators for the verification of PJI in patients after hip replacement. The use of ADLF test in patients with a hip joint spacer who continue antibacterial therapy allows the test to be performed in the 2nd stage of RHA. However, the results of ADLF test in patients during the 2nd stage of RHA show that additional studies are required.

Conclusion The ADLF test, despite the divergent data from scientific publications, demonstrates high diagnostic value for intraoperative verification of reinfection in patients with a hip joint spacer, allowing timely correction of treatment tactics. "Dry tap", bloody synovial fluid, as well as weakly virulent coagulasenegative microflora, including in microbial associations, are limitations of the ADLF test application.

Introduction Periprosthetic infection (PPI) is one of the most serious complications of primary arthroplasty. Its rates range between 1.1 and 2 %. This study presents a comparative analysis of the results of the sanitizing stage of two-stage treatment of patients with chronic PPI of the hip joint (HJ) using an antimicrobial spacer impregnated with highly dispersed silver and without its impregnation.

Purpose To conduct a comparative analysis of the clinical efficacy of using HD-Ag for impregnation of an antimicrobial spacer in patients with chronic PPI HJ during the sanitizing stage.

Materials and methods A retrospective study is based on the analysis of the treatment outcomes of 223 patients with PPI HJ with antimicrobial spacers implanted during the sanitizing stage. Two groups of patients were formed based on the impregnation of bone cement with only an antibiotic or its combination with HD-Ag, group 1 (n = 112) and group 2 (n = 111), respectively. The evaluation of the treatment outcomes at  a  follow-up period of at least 2 years was carried out in accordance with the modified Delphi criteria. The reliability of differences in quantitative parameters between the groups was analyzed using nonparametric Mann – Whitney test, whereas Fisher test was used to analyze relative indicators. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Results The spectrum of pathogens was comparable in both groups. The recurrence rate in groups 1 and 2 was 23.2 % and 17.1 %, respectively (p > 0.05), while for monobacterial infection caused by gram-positive bacteria it was significantly lower in group 2 (p = 0.012).

Discussion As reported, the recurrence rate of periprosthetic infection varies from 8 to 40 %, depending on the nature of the infectious process and the type of pathogen. In the group with the use of HD-Ag as part of an antimicrobial spacer, the effectiveness of the sanitizing stage was 82.9 % and in the comparison group it  was 76.8 %. However, a subanalysis of the effect of the etiology of PPIs on treatment results showed that  the  use of  AM-spacer with a combination of silver and vancomycin led to a statistically significant reduction in the risk of recurrence in patients with monobacterial infection caused by gram-positive pathogens and provided arrest of infection in 89.7 % of cases.

Conclusion In the sanitizing stage of two-stage treatment of chronic peri-implant hip infection caused by gram-positive bacteria, the antimicrobial cement spacer impregnated with highly dispersed silver showed high efficiency. However, further development of new combinations for bone cement impregnation is required to expand the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of the spacers.

Introduction Currently, limb salvage methods have been used for the treatment of aseptic osteonecrosis of  the  femoral head (ANFH), but their use does not always avoid joint replacement in the later stages of the disease. The combination of core decompression and autologous bone grafting with autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) in the treatment of patients with ANFH could improve their quality of life, delay joint replacement, or, in some cases, avoid it completely.

Purpose To evaluate the results of surgical treatment of patients with ANFH using minimally invasive core decompression and autologous bone grafting in combination with BMAC, develop an algorithm for choosing a method of surgical treatment based on the extent of damage to the femoral head and the stage of the disease.

Material and methods A pilot multicenter study included 86 patients diagnosed with ANFH. All patients underwent minimally invasive core decompression in combination with autologous bone grafting and BMAC. Results were analyzed 3, 6, 12 months after surgery.

Discussion Due to the fact that the presented study included mainly patients with post-Covid and steroidinduced osteonecrosis, and did not include patients with the first stage of the disease, the  percentage of positive treatment results was slightly lower compared to other similar studies.

Results Within 3 to 6 months after surgery, 21 patients (24 %) required joint replacement; among the remaining 65 patients (76 %), there was a significant improvement in the condition and quality of life that was confirmed by instrumental studies and functional assessment.

Conclusion The technique of minimally invasive core decompression and autologous bone grafting in combination with BMAC is an effective method of treatment patients with pre-collapse ANFH stages, might improve their quality of life but does not allow regression of structural changes in the bone.

Introduction There are two main concepts of total knee arthroplasty: mechanical and anatomical alignment of the lower limb axis. Howell et al. (2013) proposed the concept of kinematic alignment, the main idea of which is to preserve the level of the joint line and the axis of the lower limb that patients had before the onset of osteoarthritis. Initially, kinematic alignment was proposed to be performed with individual guides based on the results of CT/MRI scans but they took a long time to manufacture, were difficult to install, broke down, and were quite expensive. Introduction of robotic orthopaedic systems into clinical practice enabled to plan and perform bone resection with high accuracy, to install the components of the implant system according to  the  necessary concept thus providing new opportunities for the application of kinematic alignment, which was the purpose of our study.

Purpose To study the possibilities of a robotic surgical system in performing restricted kinematic alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Materials and methods A prospective single-center study was conducted in 47 patients (12 men and 35 women) with knee osteoarthritis in Kellgren – Lawrence grades 3–4, an average age of (65.87 ± 7.4) years, an average BMI of (31.3 ± 4.7) kd/m2 , median HKA angle of 175°, median LDFA of 87°, median MPTA of 87°. The patients underwent robotic total knee arthroplasty (RoTKA) with the method of restricted kinematic alignment.

Results On the control whole-leg radiographs, the average HKA angle after surgery was (176 ± 1.5)°. In 42.6 % of cases, the deviation from the plan was within ± 1°, the deviation ± 2° in 44.7 % of cases, and in the remaining 12.7 % of cases the deviation was negative.

Discussion In the literature, we did not find the results of radiographic evaluation of the HKA angle in the coronal view before and after robotic total knee arthroplasty and their comparison with the results of preoperative planning using the kinematic alignment method of the limb axis. The results we obtained show high accuracy of the implementation of the preoperative plan.

Conclusion A personalized approach to TKA with application of an autonomous robotic system effectively provides kinematic alignment of the axis of the lower limb with an accuracy of up to 2° in 87.3 % of patients.

Introduction In the current professional literature, lengthening of the lateral column is considered to be one of the most effective and pathogenetically sound joint salvage methods for correction of plano-valgus deformity of the foot. The most widely used osteotomies in clinical practice are those of Evans and Hintermann. However, the articular facets of the subtalar joint are at risk of damage due to the variety of their number, shapes and location in different nationalities.

The purpose of the work was to reveal the anatomical variants of the structure of the articular facets of the subtalar joint in the Russian population in order to determine the optimal method of lateral lengthening osteotomy of the calcaneus, based on personal characteristics.

Material and methods The results of multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) of the feet of 250 patients were analyzed on the basis of the Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. After applying the exclusion criteria, the final sample consisted of 150 patients. 3D modeling of  their calcaneal bones with visualization of articular facets of the subtalar joint was performed on a workstation using the  syngo.via–Siemens Viewer program. Patients were systematized according to the classification of  P. Bunning and C.  Barnett (1965). On 3D models of calcaneal bones, the distance between the anterior and middle, as well as between the middle and posterior articular facets was measured.

Results The anterior and middle articular facets of the subtalar joint were separated (type A) in 40.7 % (61 feet), the remaining 59.3 % (89 feet) had fused anterior and middle facets (type B). Fully fused anterior, middle and posterior facets (type C) were not found. The average distance between the anterior and middle articular facets was 4.2 ± 0.08 mm, and the average distance between the middle and posterior facets was 5.3 ± 0.0027 mm.

Discussion Articular facets of type B prevailed in the Russian population. Evans osteotomy will damage them 100 % of the cases. Hintermann osteotomy decreases the chance of their damage. However, the distance between the facets is very small, visualization during osteotomy is difficult, what can lead to damage to  the  subtalar joint. Thus, the development of a new method for determining and controlling the level of calcaneal osteotomy that would exclude joint damage is an urgent problem for further research.

Conclusion Hintermann’s lateral lengthening osteotomy of the calcaneus may be successfully applied in  the  Russian population with the least complications in the postoperative period and less damage to the articular facets of the subtalar joint.

Introduction In lengthening of limbs in children, the combination of elastic intramedullary reinforcement and  external fixation has advantages over standard techniques, but requires the removal of elastic nails and does not provide the possibility of their locking, that could significantly reduce the period of external fixation.

The purpose of the work was to study the features of tibial distraction regenerate formation and residual growth of the lengthened segment in lambs under the conditions of external fixation combined with a transphyseal rigid titanium rod.

Materials and methods In vivo experiments were performed on lambs (n = 7) during their growth period. In the control group, the right tibia was lengthened using transosseous distraction osteosynthesis for 28 days. In the study group, the segment was additionally reinforced with an intramedullary rigid rod. The following were measured in radiographs: the height of the distraction gap between the fragments, the transverse dimensions of the distraction regenerate, the height of the bone sections of the regenerate and the growth zone, the length of the tibia; the anatomical angles of the proximal articular end of the tibia. To determine the intrinsic growth dynamics of the segment under lengthening, the size of the distraction regenerate was subtracted from the length of the tibia.

Results In the main group, the transverse dimensions of the distraction regenerate were larger, and the height of the growth zone was smaller than in the control group. Consolidation of the regenerate in the main group occurred after 30 days, and in the control group 60 days after the cessation of lengthening. No slowdown in  the  longitudinal growth of the elongated segment was noted compared to the contralateral one, the orientation angles of the inclination of the proximal articular surfaces did not change.

Discussion Transphyseal implants should be located centrally to reduce the risk of epiphysiodesis, their area should not exceed 7 % of the growth zone. These conditions were met in the study. The reduction in the time of distraction regenerate corticalization and early termination of external fixation was associated with  pronounced periosteal osteogenesis and increased bone fragments stability. The location of the rod in the growth plate does not lead to epiphysiodesis and does not interfere with normal growth of the segment.

Conclusion Pronounced periosteal osteogenesis and additional stabilization of the bone fragments with a transphyseal rigid titanium rod contribute to the faster bone regenerate formation and maturation. There are no signs of inhibition of spontaneous growth of the segment under lengthening and radiographic signs of epiphysiodesis at the transphyseal level. The central location of the transphyseal rod relative to the growth zone plane and its cross-sectional area of less than 5 % of the physis area can be considered conditions under which epiphysiodesis does not develop.

Introduction The search for materials for bone defect filling that would provide a release of antibiotics in therapeutic levels over a long period is a pressing issue in the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis.

The purpose of the work was to compare the kinetics of antibiotic release from materials based on polyurethane polymers for filling post-osteomyelitic bone defects.

Materials and methods A comparative in vitro analysis of the kinetic release of cefotaxime, vancomycin, and meropenem from two materials was performed: one was based on polyurethane polymers (RK series) and the other on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA series). In each series, antibiotics were added to the original materials in three proportions: polymer/ antibiotic — 10:1 (group 1); 10:0.5 (group 2), and 10:0.25 (group 3). The samples were incubated in 10 ml of saline at 37 °C. The incubation solution was changed daily during the first week, and then once a week. Six samples were incubated in each group.

Results It was revealed that the volume of eluted cefotaxime in the PMMA series was higher than in the RK series for  all  antibiotic concentrations. In turn, for vancomycin and meropenem, it was observed only for group 1 samples. For groups 0.5 and 0.25, a larger volume of released antibiotics was noted in the RK series than in the PMMA series. It was found that in the RK series, the release of vancomycin and cefotaxime in an effective (therapeutic) concentration was more prolonged. In the RK series, there was prolonged release of effective concentrations but in a smaller volume of released antibiotic than in the PMMA series.

Discussion Each material showed its own antibiotic elution profile and each of them may have its own indications. The RK-based material has advantages in terms of the duration of antibiotic elution in therapeutic doses.

Conclusion The release of the studied antibiotics in effective concentrations from the material based on polyurethane polymers is longer than from the PMMA-based material.

Introduction Bone repair is a complex and multifaceted process that generally happens naturally unless complicated by situations such as substantial bone defects. The bone healing process is typically divided into three stages: inflammation, repair, and remodeling. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) renowned for its abundant reserves of calcium and phosphorus, easily assimilated by the body. Its exceptional biocompatibility assists in the formation of an absorbable interlinked structure at the injury site, contributing to the advancement of the healing process.

Purpose This study aimed to estimate the effects of a scaffold of collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate (Coll/βTCP) on bone construction to evaluate its latent usage as a bone auxiliary to repair bone defects.

Material and Methods The experiment was performed on 20 adult male albino rats. Four holes were surgically created on each animal, two in each femur; two holes were treated separately with Coll or β-TCP, one hole with their combination. The untreated hole served as a control. Animals were scarified after twoand four-week treatment periods (10 rats for each). Immunohistochemical analysis of bone marrow stromal cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts using polyclonal antibodies to osteocalcin was performed.

Result Immunohistochemical results discovered strong positive expression of osteocalcin in bone healing in the group of combined treatment (β-TCP and collagen) as compared to other groups. Highly significant differences were seen between the combination of collagen with β-TCP and the control group at both timepoints of the experiment.

Discussion The marker osteocalcin is unique to osteoblasts, specifically to osteoblasts that are actively forming new osteoid or remodeling bone. The obtained findings showed that mean values of osteocalcin expression were greater in the experimental groups than in the control group.

Conclusion The combination of collagen with β-TCP showed the greatest efficacy in accelerating bone healing and increasing osteogenic capacity due to increased osteocalcin immunoreactivity.

Introduction Arthrodesis is the “gold standard” for the treatment of stage 3–4 osteoarthritis of  the  first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. However, restricted movements in the joint can lead to changes in the biomechanics of the foot overloading the adjacent joints and are accompanied by decreased activity which is important for younger patients. The available implants of the first MTP joint have some disadvantages and an original hemiarthroplasty of the first MTP joint was developed.

The objective was to demonstrate an original technique of hemiarthroplasty of the first MTP joint and installation to treat stage 3–4 hallux rigidus.

Material and methods The hemiendoprosthesis is made of zirconium ceramics. The head of the hemiendoprosthesis is made with a low profile. The cross-section of the stem has a four-bladed shape to ensure rotational stability of the implant. The hemiendoprosthesis can be placed using specially designed instruments. A case of a 74-year-old patient diagnosed with stage 3 osteoarthritis of the first MTP joint is reported.

Results AOFAS Hallux scored 28 and 95, VAS scored 9 and 0 and FFI scored 112 and 6 preoperatively and at  24  months, respectively. The range of motion in the joint (extension/flexion) measured 0°–0°–5° preoperatively and 60°–0°–15° at 24 months. The dynamic pedobarography indicated to the physiological distribution of pressure in the foot being restored postoperatively.

Discussion The first implants offered to replace first MTP joint were made of silicone and metal alloys and total joint arthroplasty was associated with significant resection of bone tissue; cases of endoprosthetic instability were reported. Hemiarthroplasty appeared to be a sparing technique. However, implants made of metal alloys could have an aggressive effect on the opposite articular surface. Hemiarthroplasty of the first MTP joint using a zirconium ceramic implant could minimize the risk of the complications.

Conclusion Hemiarthroplasty of the first MTP joint using an original zirconium ceramic implant was shown to be effective for patients with stage 3–4 hallux rigidus. The technique reported can be a good alternative to arthrodesis of MTP joint.

Introduction Degenerative spine conditions involve the gradual loss of normal structure of the spine among the population and remain a common form of work-limiting health condition in 80 % of the population. The demand for surgical interventions will remain high in an aging population to improve quality of life. Lumbar spinal decompression and stabilization are produced using ventral, posterior and lateral approaches. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is used for treatment of degenerative lumbar stenosis having advantages over surgical interventions from other approaches.

The objective was to determine the prospects of LLIF as an independent decompressive and stabilizing surgical intervention using literature data.

Material and methods This article presents generalized information from Russian and foreign publications on LLIF with indirect decompression of the lumbar nerve roots. The original literature search was conducted on key resources including Scientific Electronic Library (www.elibrary.ru), the National Library of Medicine (www.pubmed.org) and Scopus using keywords: direct lateral interbody fusion, indirect decompression of the spinal nerve roots, predictors, lateral lumbar interbody fusion, direct lumbar interbody fusion, extreme lumbar interbody fusion, indirect decompression. The review included 60 articles published between 1998 and 2023 inclusive.

Results and discussion After performing LLIF, some patients experience indirect decompression of  the  spinal nerve roots to prevent epidural fibrosis, injury to the dura mater and spinal nerve roots. Identifying a model of patients with degenerative spinal stenosis who can undergo LLIF as an independent decompressivestabilizing surgical intervention without additional instrumentation can improve the effectiveness of surgical treatment.

Conclusion LLIF was shown to be an effective method for indirect decompression of spinal nerve roots at the intervertebral foramina. Indirect decompression of the spinal nerve roots in the spinal canal may fail and the choice of a LLIF candidate (a single surgical intervention) remains open.

Introduction Stenosing tenosynovitis or trigger finger is a common cause of hand disability. With the 174year history of the condition, treatment strategy and new minimally invasive surgical approaches are essential for researchers around the world.

The objective was to determine the current treatment options of the stenosing tenosynovitis using the Russian and foreign literature.

Material and methods The original literature search was conducted on key resources including Scientific Electronic Library (www.elibrary.ru), the National Library of Medicine (www.pubmed.org) and MedLine. Seventy contributions were identified published for the last 10 years.

Results and discussion Treatment of stenosing ligamentitis can be initiated depending on the stage of the disease, the duration, relapses or complications, comorbidities. Conservative orthopaedic treatment includes joint immobilization and/or corticosteroid injections. Although percutaneous dissection of the annular ligament is minimally invasive and has advantages of less tissue trauma, shorter recovery time, absence of painful scars open ligamentotomy can help to minimize complications and relapses of the disease.

Conclusion Conservative treatment of trigger finger is effective in 47 to 93 % and surgical procedures are practical in 94–99 %. Surgical treatment can be employed with failure of conservative treatment and has been shown to be effective and with a low rate of complications and relapses.