Использование мезенхимальных стволовых клеток и экзосом в лечении костных дефектов

Введение. Восстановление костных дефектов является критическим этапом лечения и реабилитации пациента, однако по-прежнему остается сложной задачей для травматологов-ортопедов. Потребность в тканеинженерных методиках обусловлена ограниченными способностями человеческого организма к корректной ауторегенерации костной ткани, особенно у коморбидных и пожилых пациентов с остеопорозом. В большинстве случаев терапией выбора остается использование костных аутотрансплантатов, что сопряжено с определенными ограничениями. Развитие регенеративной медицины и изучение биологии стволовых клеток открыли возможности применения новых методик для стимуляции заживления костной ткани. Особый интерес исследователей сосредоточен на использовании мезенхимальных стволовых клеток и их внеклеточных везикул в качестве стратегий оптимизации регенерации костной ткани.

Цель работы – на основании литературных данных представить эффективность мезенхимальных столовых клеток и экзосом в лечении костных дефектов.

Материалы и методы. При подготовке обзора использованы электронная база данных научной литературы Pubmed и электронная библиотека e-Library. Поиск литературных данных произведен по ключевым словам: регенеративная медицина, костные дефекты, экзосомы, мезенхимальные столовые клетки, regenerative medicine, bone defects, exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells.

Результаты и обсуждение. Представлены современные данные о влиянии мезенхимальных стволовых клеток, их микроокружения и экзосом на процесс восстановления костной ткани. Клиническая потребность в эффективной регенерации костей по-прежнему остается на высоком уровне. Использование мезенхимальных стволовых клеток и бесклеточных регенеративных подходов продемонстрировало хорошие результаты в восстановлении дефектов костной ткани и является перспективным направлением. Для продуктивного применения мезенхимальных стволовых клеток и экзосом в лечении костных дефектов необходимо дальнейшее изучение механизмов действия, оценка эффективности и безопасности данных регенеративных методик в доклинических и клинических исследованиях.

Заключение. Использование мезенхимальных стволовых клеток и бесклеточных регенеративных подходов продемонстрировало хорошие результаты в восстановлении дефектов костной ткани и является перспективным направлением.

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