Distraction regenerates, forming in adult dogs in the process of leg elongation according to Ilizarov, are studied, using methods of light and electron microscopy and roentgen probe electron microanalysis. The unknown before property of regenerating bone tissue to respond to distraction by volumetric-and-spatial organization change is revealed. It is established, that distraction transforms bone lacunae to primary osteons. Peculiarities of zonal structure of the distract ion regenerates are studied as well as the process of formation of the primary osteons in them. It is shown, that distraction gives vector character to angiogenesis processes. It is established, that ingrowth of vascular loops and vascular buds, surrounded by proliferating osteogenous cells, towards each other makes osteogenesis, oriented along distraction vector, available.

The main results of the scientific researches, made by the workers of the laboratory of functional studies, are given concerning physiological substantiation of the method of transosseous osteosynthesis for diseases and injuries of the locomotor system. The results of comparative analysis are considered for anthropometric, biomechanical and physiological studies in the process of natural growth in children and in patients with growth lag of limbs during their elongation according to Ilizarov. Special attention is paid to the role of locomotor activity in the process of functional rehabilitation in patients.

The work rounds off the results of many-year work concerning experimental-and-theoretical substantiation of the method of controlled transosseous osteosynthesis in vertebrology. On the basis of complex investigatisns reparative regeneration was studied in new staticodynamic conditions of external stable fixation for traumatic spinal injuries of various types. It was demonstrated, that partial bone union of vertebral body fragments was formed after 21-28 days and complete one – after 42 days at the expense of endosteal osteogenesis. Applicability of the principles of the controlled transosseous osteosynthesis in reconstructive-and-restorative spinal surgery can be considered to be proved, thereby providing purposive influence upon shape-formative processes in spinal tissues by making conditions of their stress.

The results of 20-year experimental studies on the possibilities of transosseous osteosynthesis use in craniosurgery are generalized in the work.

For the purpose of study of spatial characteristics of distractional regenerate we applied combination of methods of computerized tomography, three-dimensional reconstruction and stereological analysis.
Visual information about peculiarities of bone fracture while flexion osteoclasia and structure of distractional regenerate was essentially updated. Integral stereological parameters allowed to evaluate separate phases of osteogenesis and to identify disturbances of dynamic equilibrium between them.

Experimentally substantiated variants for use of the method of graduated tissue tension for compensation of segmental defects of nervous trunks are considered in the work.

Modern ideas of the mechanism of distraction osteosynthesis action, offering compensation of chronic ischemia , are described on the basis of studying organism compensatory-adaptive reactions, accompanying the distraction osteosynthesis. Simple and little traumatic procedures of peripheral circulation stimulation are developed, which allow to organize the system of surgical help for patients with occlusion diseases of limb arteries without osteotomy performance and formation of distraction regenerate. The basic methodological principles are formulated concerning development and use of the new procedures of angiogenesis and collateral blood flow stimulation by production of extensive foci of prolonged irritation and reparative regeneration in support tissues.

Conceptional ideas have been formulated and substantiated concerning development and fixation of partial disorders in the system of interaction of peripheral sensomotor structures and ―body scheme‖ (BS) on the basis of generalized results of versatile neurophysiological studies of reactivity and adaptation of nerves and muscles during limb elongation according to Ilizarov and on the basis of analysis of characteristics of local isometric motor tests with limitations for speed and accuracy of their performance. The main statements of the conception refer not only to the mechanisms of formation of postdistraction motor disorders, connected with profound reorganizations in the peripheral part of motor units (that means the beginning and development of disparity between genetically predetermined and formed in ontogenesis motor programs and executive potentials of effectors), but to those of formation of deficiency of adequate sensor maintenance of movements with participation of elongated limb.

The method of transosseous osteosynthesis for treatment of fractures of all types and that of orthopaedic pathology is used in 296 animals. Techniques of surgery as well as original devices of external fixation for small domestic animals are developed. Good anatomic-and-functional results are obtained, which allow to recommend the method of transosseous osteosynthesis for wide introduction into veterinary clinical practice.

Actuality of the problem of treatment in patients with tumours of tubular bones is substantiated in the work. Modern approaches, which characterize the new trend in orthopaedic rehabilitation of such patients, using the Ilizarov apparatus, are reprersented. The information about differentiated use of surgical osteosynthesis techniques, process of postoperative period and results of treatment with their evaluation by oncologic and orthopaedic signs, is given, allowing to think of their effectiveness and advantages more objectively.

The scientific workers and physicians of the department of vertebrology and neurosurgery of RSC ―RTO‖ studied the problems of use of a device for external transpedicular fixation in cases of different pathology of spine and spinal cord for 6 years.
As a result the indications to spinal cord and cauda equina roots decompression were specified and optimal ways of deformity correction and spinal stabilization were proposed for damages of spine and spinal cord. The investigations are made, directed to the study of ischemic damages of brain, to improvement of circulation in the zone of pathologic focus in case of use of an apparatus for cranial external fixation. Together with the experiment the developments started, directed to improvement of epineural suture for damages of peripheral nervous trunks.

Actuality of the problem concerning treatment of closed comminuted fractures of long tubular bones in general and closed diaphyseal comminuted fractures of arm and forearm bones in particular is shown in the work. It is noted, that total complex of favourable mechanical-and-biological conditions should be created for involved segment for the purpose of the fastest union of bone fragments and functional restoration of injured limb. The conclusion is made about high efficiency of the method of transosseous osteosynthesis according to Ilizarov in treatment of patients with closed diaphyseal comminuted fractures of long tubular bones in upper limbs.

Occurrence of patella chondromalacia is 9.5 - 19.4% out of degenerative-and-dystrophic diseases of the knee (V.A. Popov, 1987; O.A. Ushakova, 1990). There are contradictory opinions about the tactics of patella chondromalacia treatment in literature due to variety of osteoarthrosis clinical forms. The authors performed complex examination and differentiated surgical treatment of 80 patients (88 knee joints) with patella chondromalacia of I – III Stage. It is revealed, that use of the worked-out techniques of treatment, depending on clinical symptoms of the disease, increases the efficiency of rehabilitative measures.

A short survey of modern literature on the problem of limb surgical elongation is given in the work: its actuality, trends and tasks of studies, optimal conditions of reparative osteogenesis. The work rounds off achievements on reduction of periods of patient treatment, as well as scientific-and-clinical activity of the laboratory for correction of deformities and limb elongation of RSC "RTO" (head of the laboratory – Doctor of Med. Sciences Popkov A.V.), presents trends and prospects of further applied studies.

A system for treatment of patients with chronic osteomyelitis is described and substantiated pathogenetically. The experience of successful treatment of more than 2500 patients with chronic osteomyelitis of different etiology including that combining with various orthopaedic –and-traumatologic pathology has been gained.

Study of the results of treatment in patients with hand and foot pathology, treated in the clinic of Russian Scientific Centre “Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics” (RSC “RTO”), analysis of publication materials of the Centre workers, reports of fulfilment of scientific research works (SRW), specifications of author certificates of the USSR, patents for inventions and certificates to utility models of the Russian Federation are taken as a basis of the work.
These possibilities have been thoroughly used in 200 and more original treatment techniques for specific nosologic forms of hand and foot pathology. A part of these developments is represented in 85 designs, made at the level of inventions and utility models and introduced to clinical practice, out of which there are 50 ways of treatment, diagnostics and functional rehabilitation of patients and 35 technical means for their realizations. Moreover, most part of the developments has been made in the last 10 years, demonstrating not only possibilities, but further prospects of development of the trend in orthopaedics and allowing to speak about the method as a developing system. The techniques, developed and used in the aggregate, allow to perform radical restorative treatment in patients with all the known nosologic forms of hand and foot pathology practically, providing complete functional restoration of these limb segments, put into normal cosmetic form.

The last decade is characterized by steady non-losing interest of foreign orthopaedists and traumatologists to the Ilizarov method. It is demonstrated not only by increase of clinics and hospitals, using the Ilizarov method, in number, but also by aspiration for scientific investigations of this problem, thorough study of the method in his native land, generalization of the obtained results.
The Ilizarov method is sure to be a method with good prospects, to maintain which performing patent work is necessary, as well as adequate teaching, cooperation in the field of scientific researches, publications in English.

A technique of sound speed measurement in skin of patients with limb bone open fractures of different types is described, which allows painless study of necessary by the area zones of skin integument, including adjacent to wound surface, using ―on line‖ mode. Plotting passing over curves of vectors of sound speeds (―acoustic fields‖) is taken as a basis of comparative evaluation of the mechanical condition of symmetric skin portions of involved segment and intact one. The proposed approach in the study of the involved segment skin condition allows to take wound contour into consideration and make differential diagnostics of the ―acoustic field‖ form, depending on this factor, to control skin acoustic properties in dynamics for optimization of treatment.

A new device for assessment of biomechanical properties of human skin integuments is proposed, which can be used in the process of testing with veloergometric load.
Evaluation of the device allows to reveal, that characteristic decrease of skin integument elasticity during testing is more marked in sportsmen and sound adult subjects in comparison with children and adolescents. Initial indices of elasticity are higher in patients, disadapted to physical loads, during the treatment according to Ilizarov, that is connected with hyperhydration of tissues, less level of fitness to work and amplitude of changes in the index of tissue elasticity.

Actuality of the problem of treatment in patients with habitual dislocations of the shoulder is substantiated in the work. A new technique of the pathology treatment, using the method of transosseous osteosynthesis according to Ilizarov, is described. The conclusion is made about high effectiveness of the proposed technique for treatment of such patients.

Aim of the study: to develop and substantiate in experimental and morphologic way possibilities for use of biocomposition plasma-sprayed coats of rods and wires for devices of external fixation on the basis of hydroxyapatite.
Object of the study: mongrel dogs of the same weight and age, which were mounted coated rods and wires in different parts of limb skeletal bones. Periods of observation were 7, 15, 45 and 60 days after surgery. Bone tissue, adjacent to the implants, was studied. The main results of the study gave the possibility to develop and substantiate the coat on the basis of powdered titanium, corundum and hydroxyapatite, having limited osteointegration with bone tissue. Clinical use of the proposed technology allowed to decrease number of specific complications up to 8%.

The role of systemic and local regulation, hypoxia, resorption of bone tissue, diastasis between fragments is discussed in proliferative and expressive activities of cells, forming a distraction regenerate, on the basis of experimental biochemical and pathophysiological studies concerning substitution of diaphyseal defects, using transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis.