<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2026-32-2-225-236</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3468</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биологическое тестирование in vivo титановых сплавов с добавлением редкоземельных элементов для оценки возможности их использования в медицинских изделиях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>In vivo biological testing of titanium alloys with added rare earth elements to assess their possible use in medical products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-1651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анохин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anokhin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Сергеевич Анохин — кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Anokhin — Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aanokhin@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5990-8908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононович</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononovich</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Андреевна Кононович — кандидат ветеринарных наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia A. Kononovich — Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Leading Research Fellow</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">n.a.kononovich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7434-1404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шастов</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shastov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Леонидович Шастов — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander L. Shastov — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alshastov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9516-7481</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбач</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbach</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Николаевна Горбач — кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena N. Gorbach — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorbach.e@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-1004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермакова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermakova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Анатольевна Ермакова — научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Ermakova — Research Fellow</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eadrshina@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9206-7805</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирсанкин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirsankin</surname><given-names>А. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Александрович Кирсанкин — кандидат физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Kirsankin — Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akirsankin@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3124-5356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чувикина</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuvikina</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Сергеевна Чувикина — младший научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria S. Chuvikina — Junior Research Fellow</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mchuvikina@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8770-909X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukianov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Сергеевич Лукьянов — инженер-исследователь</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Lukianov — Research Engineer</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alukyanov@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрельникова</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strelnikova</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Сергеевна Стрельникова — кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana S. Strelnikova — Candidate of Technical Sciences, Leading Researcher</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sstrelnikova@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-1989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шипицына</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shipitsyna</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Владимировна Шипицына — кандидат биологических наук; ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Shipitsyna — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivschimik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1006-5217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Анатольевна Киреева — кандидат биологических наук; ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Kireeva — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ea_tkachuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-608X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тушина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tushina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Владимировна Тушина — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya V. Tushina — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ntushina76@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Baykov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова; Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии  имени академика Г.А. Илизарова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Baykov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science; Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии  имени академика Г.А. Илизарова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>225</fpage><lpage>236</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Анохин А.С., Кононович Н.А., Шастов А.Л., Горбач Е.Н., Ермакова Е.А., Кирсанкин А.А., Чувикина М.С., Лукьянов А.С., Стрельникова С.С., Шипицына И.В., Киреева Е.А., Тушина Н.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Анохин А.С., Кононович Н.А., Шастов А.Л., Горбач Е.Н., Ермакова Е.А., Кирсанкин А.А., Чувикина М.С., Лукьянов А.С., Стрельникова С.С., Шипицына И.В., Киреева Е.А., Тушина Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Anokhin A.S., Kononovich N.A., Shastov A.L., Gorbach E.N., Ermakova E.A., Kirsankin А.A., Chuvikina M.S., Lukianov A.S., Strelnikova S.S., Shipitsyna I.V., Kireeva E.A., Tushina N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3468">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3468</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Медицинские имплантируемые изделия для травматологии и ортопедии часто изготавливают из титана и его сплавов. Улучшить их физико-химические характеристике, в том числе замедлить процессы коррозии, можно путем добавления редкоземельных элементов.</p><p>Цель работы — на экспериментальной модели подкожной имплантации in vivo оценить безопасность новых материалов на основе сплава титана Ti6Al7Nb, легированного иттрием, лантаном и церием.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Крысам-самцам линии Вистар подкожно имплантировали образцы из титана и титановых сплавов: ВТ1-00 (контроль, n = 10); Ti6Al7Nb0,3Y (группа 1, n = 12); Ti6Al7Nb0,3La (группа 2, n = 12); Ti6Al7Nb0,3Се (группа 3, n = 12). Срок эксперимента — 28 суток. Оценивали общее состояние, поведенческие реакции животных, визуально отмечали область имплантации. Регистрировали массу и общую температуру тела, локальную температуру в области имплантации. Проводили гематологический и биохимический анализ крови, анатомическим методом оценивали внутренние органы и состояние тканей вокруг имплантата.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Во всех группах общее состояние, поведенческие реакции, масса тела, общая температура тела и локальная температура, а также ткани вокруг имплантатов патологически не изменялись, заживление кожной раны происходило первичным натяжением. Выявлено положительное влияние изучаемых редкоземельных элементов на репаративные процессы при заживлении кожной раны. В контрольной группе и группе 1 органы сохраняли нормальные размеры, цвет и анатомическую структуру. В группе 1 был незначительно повышен уровень эритроцитов и увеличена концентрация веществ низкой и средней молекулярной массы. В группах 2 и 3 выявляли изменения анатомических характеристик печени, почек и селезенки, в сыворотке крови повышалось АСТ и ЛДГ, снижался уровень С-реактивного белка, увеличивалась доля нейтрофилов, снижалось количество лимфоцитов. В группе 2 снижался уровень глюкозы, а в группе 3 повышались показатели глюкозы и мочевины.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. При подкожной имплантации в течение одного месяца иттрий (Y), лантан (La) и церий (Ce) по 0,3 % мас. % в сплавах титана состава Ti6Al7Nb не оказывали негативного влияния на общее состояние, процессы терморегуляции, сердечно-сосудистую систему и репродуктивные органы крыс-самцов. Сплав титана, легированный иттрием (Y), оказывал на организм токсическое действие компенсаторного характера. Сплавы титана, легированные лантаном (La) и церием (Се), оказывали гепатотоксический и нефротоксический эффекты, нарушалась функция селезенки. Полученные результаты согласуются с известными литературными данными.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В созданных условиях безопасными можно считать материалы с добавлением иттрия и контрольные образцы. Материалы с добавлением лантана и церия при имплантации в живой организм вызывают настороженность, в связи с чем требуется более продолжительное исследование с применением гистологических методов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Medical implants for treating injuries and orthopedic diseases are often made of titanium and its alloys. Their physicochemical properties, including corrosion inhibition, can be improved by adding rare earth elements.</p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of new materials based on the titanium alloy Ti6Al7Nb doped with yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium using an experimental in vivo subcutaneous implantation model.</p><p>Materials and Methods Male Wistar rats were subcutaneously implanted with titanium and titanium alloy samples: VT1-00 (control, n = 10); Ti6Al7Nb0.3Y (group 1, n = 12); Ti6Al7Nb0.3La (group 2, n = 12); Ti6Al7Nb0.3Ce (group 3, n = 12). The experiment lasted 28 days. The animals' general condition and behavioral responses were assessed, and the implantation area was visually marked. Body weight, body temperature, and local temperature at the implantation site were recorded. Hematological and biochemical blood tests were performed, and internal organs and peri-implant tissue condition were anatomically assessed.</p><p>Results In all groups, general condition, behavioral responses, body weight, body temperature, and peri-implant tissue temperature were normal, and skin wound healing occurred by primary intention. A positive effect of the rare earth elements studied was observed on reparative processes during skin wound healing. In the control group and group 1, organs retained normal size, color, and anatomical structure. In group 1, red blood cell counts were slightly elevated, along with increased concentrations of low- and medium-molecular-weight substances. In groups 2 and 3, changes in the anatomical characteristics of the liver, kidneys, and spleen were determined. Serum AST and LDH levels increased, C-reactive protein levels decreased, the proportion of neutrophils increased, and the lymphocyte count decreased. Glucose levels decreased in group 2, while glucose and urea levels increased in group 3.</p><p>Discussion Subcutaneous implantation of yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), and cerium (Ce) at 0.3 % wt. each in titanium alloys of Ti6Al7Nb composition for one month had no negative impact on the general condition, thermoregulation, cardiovascular system, or reproductive organs of male rats. The titanium alloy doped with yttrium (Y) had a compensatory toxic effect on the body. Titanium alloys doped with lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) exhibited hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects and impaired spleen function. The results obtained are consistent with existing literature data.</p><p>Conclusion Under the conditions created, yttrium-doped materials and control samples can be considered safe. Materials doped with lanthanum and cerium raise concerns when implanted in vivo, requiring a longer-term study using histological methods.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>травматология и ортопедия</kwd><kwd>имплантат</kwd><kwd>сплав титана</kwd><kwd>коррозия</kwd><kwd>иттрий</kwd><kwd>лантан</kwd><kwd>церий</kwd><kwd>эксперимент in vivo</kwd><kwd>безопасность медицинских изделий</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>traumatology and orthopedics</kwd><kwd>implant</kwd><kwd>titanium alloy</kwd><kwd>corrosion</kwd><kwd>yttrium</kwd><kwd>lanthanum</kwd><kwd>cerium</kwd><kwd>in vivo experiment</kwd><kwd>medical product safety</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет средств Российского научного фонда, проект № 24-4302066, https://rscf.ru/project/24-43-02066/.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 24-43-02066,  https://rscf.ru/project/24-43-02066/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu S, Shin YC. Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review. Materials &amp; Design. 2019;164:107552. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu S, Shin YC. Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review. Materials &amp; Design. 2019;164:107552. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posiyano K, Prasad RVS, Dzogbewu TC, et al. The potential of Ti-6Al-7Nb, and design for manufacturing considerations in mitigating failure of hip implants in service. Biomedical Engineering Advances. 2024;8:100136. doi: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posiyano K, Prasad RVS, Dzogbewu TC, et al. The potential of Ti-6Al-7Nb, and design for manufacturing considerations in mitigating failure of hip implants in service. Biomedical Engineering Advances. 2024;8:100136. doi: 10.1016/j.bea.2024.100136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y, Jiang W, Zeng D, et al. Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys for biomedical applications: A systematic review. Review of Materials Research. 2025;1(1):100011. doi: 10.1016/j.revmat.2025.100011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y, Jiang W, Zeng D, et al. Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys for biomedical applications: A systematic review. Review of Materials Research. 2025;1(1):100011. doi: 10.1016/j.revmat.2025.100011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesode P, Barve S. A review – metastable β titanium alloy for biomedical applications. J Eng Appl Sci. 2023;70(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s44147-023-00196-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesode P, Barve S. A review – metastable β titanium alloy for biomedical applications. J Eng Appl Sci. 2023;70(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s44147-023-00196-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hazwani MR, Lim LX, Lockman Z, Zuhailawati H. Fabrication of titanium-based alloys with bioactive surface oxide layer as biomedical implants: Opportunity and challenges. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2022;32(1);1-44. doi: 10.1016/S10036326(21)65776-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hazwani MR, Lim LX, Lockman Z, Zuhailawati H. Fabrication of titanium-based alloys with bioactive surface oxide layer as biomedical implants: Opportunity and challenges. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2022;32(1);1-44. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65776-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaffe D, Bertoldi C, Consolo U. Accumulation of aluminium in lamellar bone after implantation of titanium plates, Ti-6Al-4V screws, hydroxyapatite granules. Biomaterials. 2004;25(17):3837-3844. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaffe D, Bertoldi C, Consolo U. Accumulation of aluminium in lamellar bone after implantation of titanium plates, Ti-6Al-4V screws, hydroxyapatite granules. Biomaterials. 2004;25(17):3837-3844. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garg D, Wagh NP, Shinde MB, et al. A comparative study between functional outcomes of proximal humerus fracture treated using closed reduction and JESS external stabilization system and open reduction and internal fixation with PHILOS plate at a tertiary health care center. Genij Ortopedii. 2025;31(5):558-566. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-5-558-566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garg D, Wagh NP, Shinde MB, et al. A comparative study between functional outcomes of proximal humerus fracture treated using closed reduction and JESS external stabilization system and open reduction and internal fixation with PHILOS plate at a tertiary health care center. Genij Ortopedii. 2025;31(5):558-566. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2025-315-558-566.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдуллоев А.М., Гвоздев Н.С., Тропин Д.В., Попков Д.А. Результаты реконструктивной хирургии конечностей с использованием телескопического титанового стержня. Гений ортопедии. 2025;31(1):51-59. 2025;31(1):51-59. doi: 10.18019/1028-44272025-31-1-51-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdulloev AM, Gvozdev NS, Tropin DV, Popkov DA. Results of limb reconstruction surgery using a telescopic titanium rod: early findings. Genij Ortopedii. 2025;31(1):51-59. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-1-51-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng Xu, Florian Pyczak, Ming Yan, Fantao Kong, Thomas Ebel. Impacts of yttrium on microstructure and tensile properties of biomedical β Ti-Nb-Zr fabricated by metal injection molding. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;792:139816. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139816.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng Xu, Florian Pyczak, Ming Yan, Fantao Kong, Thomas Ebel. Impacts of yttrium on microstructure and tensile properties of biomedical β Ti-Nb-Zr fabricated by metal injection molding. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;792:139816. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139816.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Won JW, Oh JM, Kim WC, et al. Simultaneous high tensile strength and high ductility in cast Ce-alloyed Ti. Mater Sci Eng A. 2024;918:147487. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147487.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Won JW, Oh JM, Kim WC, et al. Simultaneous high tensile strength and high ductility in cast Ce-alloyed Ti. Mater Sci Eng A. 2024;918:147487. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.147487.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willbold E, Gu X, Albert D, et al. Effect of the addition of low rare earth elements (lanthanum, neodymium, cerium) on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of magnesium. Acta Biomater. 2015;11:554-562. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willbold E, Gu X, Albert D, et al. Effect of the addition of low rare earth elements (lanthanum, neodymium, cerium) on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of magnesium. Acta Biomater. 2015;11:554-562. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков А.В., Попков Д.А. Биосовместимые имплантаты в ортопедии: инженерия костной ткани. Гений ортопедии. 2023;29(6):662-668. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-6-662-668.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov AV, Popkov DA. Biocompatible implants in orthopedics: bone tissue engineering. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(6):662668. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-6-662-668.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldin EK, de Castro VV, Santos PB, et al. Copper incorporation by low-energy ion implantation in PEO-coated additively manufactured Ti6Al4V ELI: surface microstructure, cytotoxicity and antibacterial behavior. J Alloy Compd. 2023;940:168735. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.168735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldin EK, de Castro VV, Santos PB, et al. Copper incorporation by low-energy ion implantation in PEO-coated additively manufactured Ti6Al4V ELI: surface microstructure, cytotoxicity and antibacterial behavior. J Alloy Compd. 2023;940:168735. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.168735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quinn J, McFadden R, Chan CW, Carson L. Titanium for Orthopedic Applications: An Overview of Surface Modification to Improve Biocompatibility and Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation. iScience. 2020;23(11):101745. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101745.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quinn J, McFadden R, Chan CW, Carson L. Titanium for Orthopedic Applications: An Overview of Surface Modification to Improve Biocompatibility and Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation. iScience. 2020;23(11):101745. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101745.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков А.В., Шастов А.Л., Шипицына И.В. и др. Бактерицидная активность экспериментальных образцов имплантатов из титанового сплава с кальций-фосфатным покрытием и антибактериальным компонентом в отношении грамотрицательных патогенов (экспериментальное исследование). Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2024;31(4):517-526. doi: 10.17816/vto630216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov AV, Shastov AL, Shipitsyna IV, et al. Bactericidal activity of experimental samples of titanium alloy implants with a calcium phosphate coating and an antibacterial component against gram-negative pathogens (experimental study). N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2024;31(4):517-526. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/vto630216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stich T, Alagboso F, Krenek T, et al. Implant-bone-interface: Reviewing the impact of titanium surface modifications on osteogenic processes in vitro and in vivo. Bioeng Transl Med. 2021;7(1):e10239. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stich T, Alagboso F, Krenek T, et al. Implant-bone-interface: Reviewing the impact of titanium surface modifications on osteogenic processes in vitro and in vivo. Bioeng Transl Med. 2021;7(1):e10239. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Y, Xu W, Jiang C, et al. Gold nanoparticle decoration potentiate the antibacterial enhancement of TiO2 nanotubes via sonodynamic therapy against peri-implant infections. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:1074083. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1074083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Y, Xu W, Jiang C, et al. Gold nanoparticle decoration potentiate the antibacterial enhancement of TiO2 nanotubes via sonodynamic therapy against peri-implant infections. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:1074083. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1074083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J, Liu XM, Tan L, et al. Zinc-doped Prussian blue enhances photothermal clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and promotes tissue repair in infected wounds. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4490. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12429-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J, Liu XM, Tan L, et al. Zinc-doped Prussian blue enhances photothermal clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and promotes tissue repair in infected wounds. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4490. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12429-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen YH, Guan SW, Xing M, et al. Ce-doped defective titanium oxide coating with antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for potential application of peri-implantitis treatment. Rare Metals. 2025;44(1):472-488. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02935-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen YH, Guan SW, Xing M, et al. Ce-doped defective titanium oxide coating with antibacterial, antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties for potential application of peri-implantitis treatment. Rare Metals. 2025;44(1):472-488. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02935-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилова Л.А. Справочник по лабораторным методам исследования. СПб.: Питер. 2003:736.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilova L.A. Handbook of laboratory research methods. St. Petersburg: Piter. 2003:736. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P, Sandu AV, et al. Research Progress of Titanium-Based Alloys for Medical Devices. Biomedicines. 2023;11(11):2997. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11112997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baltatu MS, Vizureanu P, Sandu AV, et al. Research Progress of Titanium-Based Alloys for Medical Devices. Biomedicines. 2023;11(11):2997. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11112997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еманов А.А., Кузнецов В.П., Горбач Е.Н. и др. Сравнительное исследование остеоинтеграции изготовленных с применением аддитивных технологий титановых и стальных имплантатов в большеберцовой кости кролика в условиях внешней фиксации. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2020;26(2):98-108. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2020-26-2-98-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emanov AA, Kuznetsov VP, Gorbach EN, et al. Osseointegration of Titanium and Steel Additive Manufactured Implant in Rabbit Tibia under External Fixation: Comparative Study. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2020;26(2):98-108. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2020-26-2-98-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галиченко К.А., Сухов А.В., Тимошкин С.П. и др. Влияние топического применения наночастиц оксида церия на регенарацию тканей в эксперименте. Медико-фармацевтический журнал «Пульс». 2023;25(5):96-100. doi: 10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2023-25-5-96-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galichenko KA, Sukhov AV, Timoshkin SP, et al. Experimental study of topical application of cerium oxide nanoparticles on tissue regeneration. Medical and pharmaceutical journal "Pulse". 2023;25(5):96-100. (In Russ.) doi: 10.26787/nyd ha-2686-6838-2023-25-5-96-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Legon'kova OA, Ushakova TA, Savchenkova IP, et al. Experimental Study of the Effects of Nanodispersed Ceria on Wound Repair. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;162(3):395-399. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3624-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Legon'kova OA, Ushakova TA, Savchenkova IP, et al. Experimental Study of the Effects of Nanodispersed Ceria on Wound Repair. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;162(3):395-399. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3624-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schubert D, Dargusch R, Raitano J, Chan SW. Cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles are neuroprotective. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;342(1):86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schubert D, Dargusch R, Raitano J, Chan SW. Cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles are neuroprotective. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;342(1):86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ren L, Shi W, Tian Y, et al. A Two-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study of Cerium Nitrate in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202(2):597-614. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03692-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ren L, Shi W, Tian Y, et al. A Two-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study of Cerium Nitrate in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202(2):597-614. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03692-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радцева Г.Л., Минаев Б.Д., Здорнова О.В., Пискарева Е.И. Изменения в тканях и органах при экспериментальном воздействии лантана. Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вестник украинской медицинской стоматологической академии. 2011;11(4(36)):147-149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radtseva GL, Minaev BD, Zdornova OV, Piskareva EI. Changes in tissues and organs under experimental exposure to lanthanum. Current problems of daily medicine: Bulletin of the Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy. 2011;11(4(36)):147149. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen D, Liu Y, Chen AJ, Nie YX. Experimental study of subchronic toxicity of lanthanum nitrate on liver in rats. Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med. 2003;1(4):469-480. doi: 10.1080/15401420390271074.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen D, Liu Y, Chen AJ, Nie YX. Experimental study of subchronic toxicity of lanthanum nitrate on liver in rats. Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med. 2003;1(4):469-480. doi: 10.1080/15401420390271074.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
