<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2026-32-1-97-106</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3428</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гистоморфометрическая оценка синовиальной оболочки при остеосинтезе внутрисуставного метаэпифизарного перелома титановыми винтами у ягнят (экспериментально-морфологическое исследование)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Histomorphometric evaluation of the synovial membrane during osteosynthesis of intra-articular metaepiphyseal fractures with titanium screws in lambs (an experimental morphological study)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-0372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ступина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stupina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ступина Татьяна Анатольевна — доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana A. Stupina — Doctor of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">StupinaSTA@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-2204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дюрягина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyuryagina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дюрягина Ольга Владимировна — кандидат ветеринарных наук, заведующая лабораторией.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Diuriagina — Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Head of Laboratory.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">diuriagina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0326-8285</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коробейников</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korobeynikov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коробейников Анатолий Анатольевич — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly A. Korobeinikov — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koroban@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-625X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>М. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степанов Михаил Александрович — кандидат ветеринарных наук, ветеринарный врач.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Stepanov — Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, veterinarian.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m-stepanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8627-2749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонов</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonov</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антонов Николай Иванович — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay I. Antonov — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aniv-niko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени академика Г.А. Илизарова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ступина Т.А., Дюрягина О.В., Коробейников А.А., Степанов М.A., Антонов Н.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ступина Т.А., Дюрягина О.В., Коробейников А.А., Степанов М.A., Антонов Н.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stupina T.A., Dyuryagina O.V., Korobeynikov A.A., Stepanov M.A., Antonov N.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3428">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3428</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сложность лечения внутрисуставных переломов у детей обусловлена анатомическими особенностями сустава, его биомеханикой, склонностью к развитию посттравматического артрита, что обусловливает важность детального изучения структурной организации всех элементов синовиальной среды сустава.</p><p>Цель работы — на экспериментальной модели оценить выраженность структурных изменений синовиальной оболочки лучезапястного сустава при остеосинтезе внутрисуставного метаэпифизарного перелома титановыми винтами.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на шести беспородных ягнятах — самцах (возраст — (46,1 ± 3,0) сут, масса — (15,7 ± 2,0) кг), которым на правой конечности моделировали косой внутрисуставной метаэпифизарный перелом лучевой кости. Фиксацию перелома осуществляли двумя костными спонгиозными канюлированными винтами из титана Ti6AL4V. Срок эксперимента — 120 (n = 3) и 365 (n = 3) суток после операции. Гистоморфометрическое исследование синовиальной оболочки выполнено с помощью микроскопа AxioScope.A1 и ПО Zenblue (CarlZeissMicroImagingGmbH, Германия). В качестве контроля морфометрировали синовиальную оболочку контралатерального сустава.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В контроле в покровном слое синовиальной оболочки преобладали фибробластоподобные синовиоциты, признаки синовита не выявлены. К 13,5 месяцам отмечено снижение значений толщины покровного слоя (р = 0,0326) и численной плотности синовиоцитов (р = 0,0009). В опыте через 120 суток выявлен слабо выраженный синовит, гиперплазия покровного слоя, увеличение численной плотности синовиоцитов и представительства макрофагоподобных синовиоцитов (более 50 % в поле зрения), формирование синовиальных ворсин, наличие лимфо-гистиоцитарного инфильтрата очагового и диффузного типа. Через 365 суток признаки синовита отсутствовали, в покровном слое преобладали фибробластоподобные синовиоциты, сохранялись повышенные значения численной плотности синовиоцитов (р = 0,0141), значения толщины покровного слоя сопоставимы с контролем (р = 0,1301).</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Небиорезорбируемые фиксаторы, используемые при остеосинтезе внутрисуставных переломов, могут вызывать ряд осложнений, — инфекция, боль, артрит. Установлено, что макрофагальные и фибробластические синовиоциты выполняют различные про- и противовоспалительные функции и могут как предотвращать воспаление, формируя противовоспалительный барьер, так и способствовать возникновению синовита.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. При остеосинтезе титановыми винтами внутрисуставного метаэпифизарного перелома дистального суставного конца лучевой кости у ягнят через 120 суток эксперимента выявлен слабо выраженный синовит, который выражался утолщением покровного слоя, увеличением численной плотности синовиоцитов и представительства макрофагальных синовиоцитов, наличием лимфо-гистиоцитарного инфильтрата. К концу эксперимента процесс воспаления синовиальной оболочки имел обратимый характер, гистологические признаки синовита отсутствовали.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction The complexity of treating intra-articular fractures in children is due to the anatomical features of the joint, its biomechanics, and the tendency to develop post-traumatic arthritis. This necessitates a detailed study of the structural organization of all elements of the joint synovial environment.</p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate, using an experimental model, the severity of structural changes in the synovial membrane of the carpal joint during osteosynthesis of intra-articular metaphyseal fractures with titanium screws.</p><p>Materials and Methods The study was performed on six outbred male lambs (46.1 ± 3.0 days old, weighing 15.7 ± 2.0 kg). An oblique intra-articular metaphyseal fracture of the radius on the right limb was modeled. Fracture fixation was performed with two cannulated cancellous bone screws made of Ti6AL4V titanium. The experimental periods were 120 (n = 3) and 365 (n = 3) days after surgery. Histomorphometric analysis of the synovial membrane was performed using an AxioScope.A1 microscope and Zenblue software (CarlZeissMicroImagingGmbH, Germany). The synovium of the contralateral joint served as a control.</p><p>Results In the control joint, fibroblast-like synoviocytes predominated in the synovial membrane lining layer; no signs of synovitis were detected. After 13.5 months, a decrease in lining layer thickness (p = 0.0326) and synoviocyte density (p = 0.0009) was noted. In the experimental joint, mild synovitis, hyperplasia of the lining layer, increased synoviocyte density and macrophage-like synoviocyte representation (more than 50 % per field of view), formation of synovial villi, and the presence of focal and diffuse lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were detected after 120 days. After 365 days, signs of synovitis were absent, fibroblast-like synoviocytes predominated in the lining layer; elevated synoviocyte density values persisted (p = 0.0141), and lining layer thickness values were comparable to the control (p = 0.1301).</p><p>Discussion Non-bioresorbable fixators used for osteosynthesis of intra-articular fractures can cause a number of complications, including infection, pain, and arthritis. It was established that macrophage and fibroblastic synoviocytes perform various pro- and anti-inflammatory functions and can both prevent inflammation by forming an anti-inflammatory barrier and contribute to the development of synovitis.</p><p>Conclusion Osteosynthesis of intra-articular metaepiphyseal fractures of the distal articular end of the radius in lambs using titanium screws provoke mild synovitis after 120 days of the experiment. This synovitis was characterized by thickening of the lining layer, an increase in the numerical density of synoviocytes and in macrophage synoviocytes, and the presence of a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. By the end of the experiment, the synovial membrane inflammation revered, and histological signs of synovitis were absent.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внутрисуставной перелом</kwd><kwd>титановые винты</kwd><kwd>ягнята</kwd><kwd>синовиальная оболочка</kwd><kwd>гистоморфометрия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intra-articular fracture</kwd><kwd>titanium screws</kwd><kwd>lambs</kwd><kwd>synovial membrane</kwd><kwd>histomorphometry</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана программой МЗ РФ в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. акад. Г.А. Илизарова» для выполнения НИР на 2024–2026 гг.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Ministry of Health program under the state assignment to the Ilizarov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics for research in 2024–2026.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сулейменов Б.Ш., Рустемова К.Р. Аспекты лечения переломов дистального метаэпифиза лучевой кости у взрослых и детей. Астана медицинский журнал. 2020;104(2):53-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suleimenov BSh, Rustemova KR. Aspects of the treatment of fractures of the distal metaepiphysis of the radial bone in adults and children. Astana medical journal. 2020;104(2):53-63. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макогонов И.В., Тарасов А.Н. Возвращаясь к вопросу о переломах костей предплечья у детей: классика и современность (обзор литературы). Медицинский альянс. 2025;13(2):53-58. doi: 10.36422/23076348-2025-13-2-53-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makogonov IV, Tarasov AN. Back to the question of forearm fractures in children: tradition and contemporary view (literature review). Medical Alliance. 2025;13(2):53-58. doi: 10.36422/23076348-2025-13-2-53-58. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deng H, Zhao Z, Xiong Z, et al. Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):598. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06728-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deng H, Zhao Z, Xiong Z, et al. Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):598. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06728-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergkvist A, Lundqvist E, Pantzar-Castilla E. Distal radius fractures in children aged 5-12 years: a Swedish nationwide register-based study of 25 777 patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):560. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06680-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergkvist A, Lundqvist E, Pantzar-Castilla E. Distal radius fractures in children aged 5-12 years: a Swedish nationwide register-based study of 25 777 patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):560. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06680-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прощенко Я.Н., Поздеева Н.А. Тактика лечения детей с внутрисуставными переломами дистального отдела плечевой кости. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2012;18(4):82-86. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2012-4-82-86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proshchenko YN, Pozdeeva NA. Тactics of treatment in children with intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2012;18(4):82-86. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2012-4-82-86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенов С.В., Малахов О.А., Шарпарь В.Д. и др. Использование эластичного титанового стержня (ten) при переломах шейки лучевой кости у детей. Детская хирургия. 2015;19(5):38-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenov SV, Malakhov OA, Sharpar’ VD. et al. The use of a titanium elastic nail (ten) for the treatment of the radial neck fracture in children. Pediatric surgery. 2015;19(5):38-40. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коробейников А.А., Аранович А.М., Попков Д.А. Метод Илизарова при лечении детей с околосуставными переломами. Гений ортопедии. 2021;4(27):418-423. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-4-418-423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korobeinikov AA, Aranovich AM, Popkov DA. Ilizarov method in the treatment of children with periarticular fractures. Genij Ortopedii. 2021;4(27):418-423. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-4-418-423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jozsa G, Kassai T, Varga M. Preliminary experience with bioabsorbable intramedullary nails for paediatric forearm fractures: results of mini-series. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(6):640-644. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-6-640-644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jozsa G, Kassai T, Varga M. Preliminary experience with bioabsorbable intramedullary nails for paediatric forearm fractures: results of mini-series. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(6):640-644. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-6-640-644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lascombes P, Journeau P, Popkov DA. Resorbable implants in paediatric orthopaedics and traumatology. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(6):629-634. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-6-629-634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lascombes P, Journeau P, Popkov DA. Resorbable implants in paediatric orthopaedics and traumatology. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(6):629-634. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-6-629-634.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герасименко М.А., Корень М.Н., Третьяк С.И., Жук Е.В. Результаты применения малоинвазивных способов оперативных вмешательств при травмах верхней конечности у детей. Журнал им. Н. В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь». 2014;(3):22-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimenko MА, Koren MN, Tretiak SI, Zhuk YV. Minimally invasive methods OF surgical treatment FOR injuries OF The upper limb In children. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care". 2014;(3):22-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виссарионов С.В., Большаков Г.А. Сравнительный анализ результатов хирургического лечения детей с нестабильными переломами дистального отдела лучевой кости. Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста. 2025;13(3):237-246. doi: 10.17816/PTORS676873.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vissarionov SV, Bolshakov GA. Comparative analysis of the results of surgical treatment of children with unstable fractures of the distal radius. Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery. 2025;13(3):237-246. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/PTORS676873.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Syurahbil AH, Munajat I, Mohd EF, et al. Displaced Physeal and Metaphyseal Fractures of Distal Radius in Children. Can Wire Fixation Achieve Better Outcome at Skeletal Maturity than Cast Alone? Malays Orthop J. 2020;14(2):28-38. doi: 10.5704/MOJ.2007.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syurahbil AH, Munajat I, Mohd EF, et al. Displaced Physeal and Metaphyseal Fractures of Distal Radius in Children. Can Wire Fixation Achieve Better Outcome at Skeletal Maturity than Cast Alone? Malays Orthop J. 2020;14(2):28-38. doi: 10.5704/MOJ.2007.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркулов В.Н., Дорохин А.И., Бухтин К.М. Детская травматология. Под ред. Миронова С.П. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2019:256.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkulov VN, Dorohin AI, Buhtin KM. Pediatric traumatology. Mironov SP. (ed.) Moscow: GJeOTAR-Media, 2019:256. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агаджанян В.В., Тузовский А.А. К вопросу о лечении переломов мыщелков большеберцовой кости. Политравма. 2022;(2):67-77. doi: 10.24412/1819-1495-2022-2-67-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agadzhanyan VV, Tuzovsky AA. To the question of the treatment of fractures of the tibia condyles. Polytrauma. 2022;(2):67-77. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24412/1819-1495-2022-2-67-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persiani P, Martini L, Calogero V, et al. Analysis of the risk of a secondary displacement in conservatively treated paediatric distal radius metaphyseal fractures. A multicentric study. Clin Ter. 2022;173(1):84-87. doi: 10.7417/CT.2022.2397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persiani P, Martini L, Calogero V, et al. Analysis of the risk of a secondary displacement in conservatively treated paediatric distal radius metaphyseal fractures. A multicentric study. Clin Ter. 2022;173(1):84-87. doi: 10.7417/CT.2022.2397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aitchison AH, Allen NB, O'Neill CN, et alB. Synovial Fluid Immune Cell Composition Following Intraarticular Fracture May Contribute to Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(22):12037. doi: 10.3390/ijms252212037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aitchison AH, Allen NB, O'Neill CN, et alB. Synovial Fluid Immune Cell Composition Following Intraarticular Fracture May Contribute to Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(22):12037. doi: 10.3390/ijms252212037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cepela DJ, Tartaglione JP, Dooley TP, Patel PN. Classifications In Brief: Salter-Harris Classification of Pediatric Physeal Fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(11):2531-2537. doi: 10.1007/s11999-016-4891-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cepela DJ, Tartaglione JP, Dooley TP, Patel PN. Classifications In Brief: Salter-Harris Classification of Pediatric Physeal Fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(11):2531-2537. doi: 10.1007/s11999-016-4891-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krenn V, Morawietz L, Burmester GR, et al. Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitis. Histopathology. 2006;49(4):358-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02508.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krenn V, Morawietz L, Burmester GR, et al. Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitis. Histopathology. 2006;49(4):358-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02508.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefani RM, Halder SS, Estell EG, et al. A Functional Tissue-Engineered Synovium Model to Study Osteoarthritis Progression and Treatment. Tissue Eng Part A. 2019;25(7-8):538-553. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefani RM, Halder SS, Estell EG, et al. A Functional Tissue-Engineered Synovium Model to Study Osteoarthritis Progression and Treatment. Tissue Eng Part A. 2019;25(7-8):538-553. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дыдыкина И.С., Арутюнова Е.В., Коваленко П.С. и др. Синовит при остеоартрите: современное состояние проблемы. Современная ревматология. 2021;15(2):120-125. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2021-2-120-125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dydykina IS, Arutyunova EV, Kovalenko PS, et al. Synovitis in osteoarthritis: the current state of the problem. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2021;15(2):120-125. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2021-2-120-125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner AS. Experiences with sheep as an animal model for shoulder surgery: strengths and shortcomings. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16(5 Suppl):S158-S163. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.03.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner AS. Experiences with sheep as an animal model for shoulder surgery: strengths and shortcomings. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16(5 Suppl):S158-S163. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.03.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sartoretto SC, Uzeda MJ, Miguel FB et al. Sheep as an experimental model for biomaterial implant evaluation. Acta Ortop Bras. 2016;24(5):262-266. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220162405161949.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sartoretto SC, Uzeda MJ, Miguel FB et al. Sheep as an experimental model for biomaterial implant evaluation. Acta Ortop Bras. 2016;24(5):262-266. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220162405161949.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banstola A, Reynolds JNJ. The Sheep as a Large Animal Model for the Investigation and Treatment of Human Disorders. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(9):1251. doi: 10.3390/biology11091251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banstola A, Reynolds JNJ. The Sheep as a Large Animal Model for the Investigation and Treatment of Human Disorders. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(9):1251. doi: 10.3390/biology11091251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eitner A, Pester J, Nietzsche S, et al. The innervation of synovium of human osteoarthritic joints in comparison with normal rat and sheep synovium. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(9):1383-1391. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eitner A, Pester J, Nietzsche S, et al. The innervation of synovium of human osteoarthritic joints in comparison with normal rat and sheep synovium. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(9):1383-1391. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solbak N, Achari Y, Chung M, et al. Normal sheep synovium has similar appearances and constitutive expression of inflammatory cytokines within and between knee joints: a baseline histological and molecular analysis. Connect Tissue Res. 2014;55(2):156-163. doi: 10.3109/03008207.2014.880427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solbak N, Achari Y, Chung M, et al. Normal sheep synovium has similar appearances and constitutive expression of inflammatory cytokines within and between knee joints: a baseline histological and molecular analysis. Connect Tissue Res. 2014;55(2):156-163. doi: 10.3109/03008207.2014.880427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ступина Т.А., Дюрягина О.В., Моховиков Д.С. и др. Гистоморфометрические изменения синовиальной оболочки коленного сустава при комбинированном применении несвободной костной пластики по Илизарову и технологии Masquelet (экспериментальное исследование). Гений ортопедии. 2021;27(2): 249-253. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-2-249-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stupina TA, Diuriagina OV, Mokhovikov DS, et al. Histomorphometric changes in the synovial membrane of the knee joint in combined use of the Ilizarov non-free bone plasty and the Masquelet technique (experimental study). Genij Ortopedii. 2021;27(2):249-253. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-2-249-253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurien T, Kerslake RW, Graven-Nielsen T, et al. Chronic postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty: The potential contributions of synovitis, pain sensitization and pain catastrophizing-An explorative study. Eur J Pain. 2022;26(9):1979-1989. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurien T, Kerslake RW, Graven-Nielsen T, et al. Chronic postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty: The potential contributions of synovitis, pain sensitization and pain catastrophizing-An explorative study. Eur J Pain. 2022;26(9):1979-1989. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugimura N, Aso K, Wada H, et al. Temporal changes in synovitis and chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Joint Surgery and Research. 2025;3(2):96-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jjoisr.2025.04.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugimura N, Aso K, Wada H, et al. Temporal changes in synovitis and chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Joint Surgery and Research. 2025;3(2):96-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jjoisr.2025.04.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knab K, Chambers D, Krönke G. Synovial Macrophage and Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Joint Homeostasis and Inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:862161. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.862161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knab K, Chambers D, Krönke G. Synovial Macrophage and Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Joint Homeostasis and Inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:862161. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.862161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khmelevskaya A, Houtman M, Buerki K, et al. OP0230 synovial fibroblasts, macrophages and dendritic cells form an inflammatory niche in rheumatoid arthritis, but not in psoriatic arthritis synovium. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2025;84(1):191-192. doi: 10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khmelevskaya A, Houtman M, Buerki K, et al. OP0230 synovial fibroblasts, macrophages and dendritic cells form an inflammatory niche in rheumatoid arthritis, but not in psoriatic arthritis synovium. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2025;84(1):191-192. doi: 10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai LK, Su YZ, Wang XX, et al. Synovial Macrophages: Past Life, Current Situation, and Application in Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:905356. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai LK, Su YZ, Wang XX, et al. Synovial Macrophages: Past Life, Current Situation, and Application in Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:905356. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thangadurai M, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. A 2D inflammatory co-culture model for investigating synovial fibroblast and macrophage interactions in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):30105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16007-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thangadurai M, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. A 2D inflammatory co-culture model for investigating synovial fibroblast and macrophage interactions in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):30105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16007-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riviș M, Roi C, Roi A, et al. The Implications of Titanium Alloys Applied in Maxillofacial Osteosynthesis. Appl Sci. 2020;10(9):3203. doi: 10.3390/app10093203,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riviș M, Roi C, Roi A, et al. The Implications of Titanium Alloys Applied in Maxillofacial Osteosynthesis. Appl Sci. 2020;10(9):3203. doi: 10.3390/app10093203,</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barber CC, Burnham M, Ojameruaye O, McKee MD. A systematic review of the use of titanium versus stainless steel implants for fracture fixation. OTA Int. 2021;4(3):e138. doi: 10.1097/OI9.0000000000000138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barber CC, Burnham M, Ojameruaye O, McKee MD. A systematic review of the use of titanium versus stainless steel implants for fracture fixation. OTA Int. 2021;4(3):e138. doi: 10.1097/OI9.0000000000000138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
