<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2026-32-1-14-22</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3418</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МСКТ-семиотика спицевого остеомиелита</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MSCT-semiotics of pin tract osteomyelitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-4680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьячкова</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diachkova</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дьячкова Галина Викторовна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina V. Diachkova — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgv2003@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-3025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьячков</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyachkov</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дьячков Константин Александрович — доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделением.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin A. Dyachkov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of Department.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dka_doc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-2457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судницын</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudnitsyn</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Судницын Анатолий Сергеевич — кандидат медицинских наук, врач — травматолог-ортопед, заведующий лабораторией, доцент кафедры.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatolii S. Sudnitsyn — Candidate of Medical Sciences, orthopaedic surgeon, Head of Laboratory, Associate Professor.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anatol_anatol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-9713</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюшин</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kliushin</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клюшин Николай Михайлович — доктор медицинских наук, главный специалист, врач — травматолог-ортопед.</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay M. Kliushin — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Chief Specialist, orthopaedic surgeon.</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">klyushin_nikolay@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени академика Г.А Илизарова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дьячкова Г.В., Дьячков К.А., Судницын А.С., Клюшин Н.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дьячкова Г.В., Дьячков К.А., Судницын А.С., Клюшин Н.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Diachkova G.V., Dyachkov K.A., Sudnitsyn A.S., Kliushin N.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3418">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3418</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Воспаление в местах проведения спиц у пациентов, лечившихся методом чрескостного остеосинтеза, относится к наиболее частым осложнениям. Костные проявления воспаления достаточно часто имеют место в клинической практике, а характерные рентгеноморфологические симптомы при этом практически не описаны.</p><p>Цель работы — выявить характер рентгеноморфологических изменений кости у пациентов со спицевым остеомиелитом при различной локализации воспалительного процесса.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 22 пациента с хроническим спицевым остеомиелитом (СО), развившемся на фоне чрескостного остеосинтеза аппаратом Илизарова. Для оценки структурных изменений костной ткани выполнена мультиспиральная компьютерная томография (МСКТ) с анализом аксиальных срезов и мультипланарных реконструкций (MPR) в сагиттальной и коронарной проекциях бедренной и большеберцовой костей. Количественно оценена плотность кости (в единицах Хаунсфилда, HU) в зоне воспаления, проанализирована морфология спицевых каналов (ширина, контуры стенок, наличие секвестров) для выявления паттернов, значимых для выбора тактики лечения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о наличии специфических рентгеновских проявлениях СО, характерных для хронического остеомиелита любого происхождения, особенно на поздних стадиях воспаления. К наиболее ярким симптомам СО на ранних стадиях относятся характерные изменения спицевых каналов: расширение и нечеткость контуров, повышение их плотности, появление периостита вокруг спицевого хода. Спицевые каналы в метафизарных отделах характеризуются повышенной плотностью стенок, низкой плотностью содержимого канала. В области диафиза спицевые каналы имеют стенки с неровными контурами без плотностных различий с корковой пластинкой. Внутри канала часто визуализируются мелкие секвестры с плотностью 650–700НU. Для СО в области диафиза также характерны «замурованные» секвестры.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. В литературе уделено значительное внимание воспалению мягких тканей, методам их профилактики и лечения при чрескостном остеосинтезе, тогда как рентгенологическая семиотика СО описана ограниченно, преимущественно в виде клинических случаев без подробного анализа изменений кости. Для СО характерны общие проявления остеолиза, повышение плотности контуров спицевого канала. При этом особенностью СО в диафизе являются «пуговчатые» секвестры, подтверждённые МСКТ. Информация о локализации и характере изменений позволяет клиницистам более обоснованно подходить к планированию объёма хирургического вмешательства и выбору оптимальной тактики лечения с учётом особенностей поражения и состояния кости.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Спицевые каналы в метафизарных отделах характеризуются повышенной плотностью стенок, в области диафиза спицевые каналы имеют большую, чем в метафизе, ширину, стенки с неровными контурами без плотностных различий с корковой пластинкой. Секвестры в области метафиза имеют плотность в два раза меньшую, чем в области диафиза, отличаются по форме и размерам.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Inflammation at the wire tract sites in patients treated with transosseous osteosynthesis is one of the most common complications. Bone manifestations of inflammation are quite common in clinical practice, yet characteristic radiographic findings have not been well described.</p><p>The aim of this study was to identify the nature of radiographic bone changes in patients with pin tract osteomyelitis at various inflammatory sites.</p><p>Materials and Methods The study included 22 patients with chronic pin tract osteomyelitis (PTO) that developed following transosseous osteosynthesis with the Ilizarov fixator. To assess structural bone changes, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was used, including analysis of axial sections and multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) in the sagittal and coronal planes of the femur and tibia. Bone density (Hounsfield units, HU) in the inflammation area was quantitatively assessed, and the morphology of the wire tract canals (width, wall contours, and the presence of sequesters) was analyzed to identify patterns relevant for treatment decisions.</p><p>Results The data obtained indicate the presence of specific radiographic manifestations of osteomyelitis, characteristic of chronic osteomyelitis of any origin, especially in the late stages of inflammation. The most prominent symptoms of osteomyelitis in the early stages include characteristic changes in the wire tract canals: widening and blurring of the contours, increased density, and the appearance of periostitis around the wire tract. Wire canals in the metaphyseal regions are characterized by increased wall density and low density of the canal contents. In the diaphysis, the wire canals have walls with irregular contours and no density differences from the cortical plate. Small sequesters featuring the density of 650–700 HU are often visualized within the canal. "Walled-in" sequesters are also characteristic of pin tract osteomyelitis in the diaphysis.</p><p>Discussion The literature has devoted considerable attention to soft tissue inflammation, its prevention, and treatment methods during transosseous osteosynthesis. However, the radiographic semiotics of pin tract osteomyelitis have been limited, primarily presenting clinical cases without detailed analysis of bone changes. Pin tract osteomyelitis is characterized by general manifestations of osteolysis and increased density of the wire canal contours. A distinctive feature of pin tract osteomyelitis in the diaphysis is the presence of "button-shaped" sequesters, confirmed by MSCT. Information on the location and nature of the changes allows clinicians to more effectively plan the extent of surgical intervention and select the optimal treatment strategy, taking into account the characteristics of the lesion and bone condition.</p><p>Conclusion Wire tract canals in the metaphyseal regions are characterized by increased wall density. In the diaphysis, the wire tracts are wider than in the metaphysis, with walls of irregular contours and no density differences with the cortical plate. Sequestra in the metaphysis have half the density of those in the diaphysis and vary in shape and size.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>большеберцовая кость</kwd><kwd>спицевой остеомиелит</kwd><kwd>спицевые каналы</kwd><kwd>МСКТ</kwd><kwd>рентгеноморфологические изменения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transosseous osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>tibia</kwd><kwd>pin tract osteomyelitis</kwd><kwd>wire tract</kwd><kwd>MSCT</kwd><kwd>radiomorphological changes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Госзадания «Изучение кинетики высвобождения антибиотиков из различных материалов, используемых для замещения дефектов костной ткани, а также оценка их переносимости in vivo».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment "Study of the kinetics of antibiotic release from various materials used to manage bone tissue defects, as well as an assessment of their tolerability “in vivo".</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаюк В.Д., Клюшин Н.М., Бурнашов С.И. Воспаление мягких тканей вокруг чрескостных элементов и спицевой остеомиелит: литературный обзор. Гений ортопедии. 2019;25(3):407-412. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2019-25-3-407-412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gayuk VD, Kliushin NM, Burnashov SI. Pin site soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis: literature review. Genij Ortopedii. 2019;25(3):407-412. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2019-25-3-407-412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazmers NH, Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR. Prevention of pin site infection in external fixation: a review of the literature. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2016;11(2):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s11751-016-0256-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazmers NH, Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR. Prevention of pin site infection in external fixation: a review of the literature. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2016;11(2):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s11751-016-0256-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy-Tomlinson J. Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD004551. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy-Tomlinson J. Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD004551. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timms A, Pugh H. Pin site care: guidance and key recommendations. Nurs Stand. 2012;27(1):50-55; quiz 56. doi: 10.7748/ns2012.09.27.1.50.c9271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timms A, Pugh H. Pin site care: guidance and key recommendations. Nurs Stand. 2012;27(1):50-55; quiz 56. doi: 10.7748/ns2012.09.27.1.50.c9271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shields DW, Iliadis AD, Kelly E, et al. Pin-site Infection: A Systematic Review of Prevention Strategies. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2022;17(2):93-104. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10080-1562.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shields DW, Iliadis AD, Kelly E, et al. Pin-site Infection: A Systematic Review of Prevention Strategies. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2022;17(2):93-104. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10080-1562.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerado E, Cano JR, Fernandez-Sanchez F. Pin tract infection prophylaxis and treatment. Injury. 2019;50 Suppl 1:S45-S49. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.03.044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerado E, Cano JR, Fernandez-Sanchez F. Pin tract infection prophylaxis and treatment. Injury. 2019;50 Suppl 1:S45-S49. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.03.044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clint SA, Eastwood DM, Chasseaud M, et al. The "Good, Bad and Ugly" pin site grading system: A reliable and memorable method for documenting and monitoring ring fixator pin sites. Injury. 2010;41(2):147-150. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2009.07.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clint SA, Eastwood DM, Chasseaud M, et al. The "Good, Bad and Ugly" pin site grading system: A reliable and memorable method for documenting and monitoring ring fixator pin sites. Injury. 2010;41(2):147-150. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2009.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ward P. Care of skeletal pins: a literature review. Nurs Stand. 1998;12(39):34-38. doi: 10.7748/ns1998.06.12.39.34.c2514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ward P. Care of skeletal pins: a literature review. Nurs Stand. 1998;12(39):34-38. doi: 10.7748/ns1998.06.12.39.34.c2514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Checketts RG, Otterburn M, Graham AA. Pin track infection and the principles of pin site care. In: DeBastiani AGAA, Goldberg DE (eds.) Orthofix external fixation in trauma and orthopedics. London: Springer London; 2000:97-103. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0691-3_11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Checketts RG, Otterburn M, Graham AA. Pin track infection and the principles of pin site care. In: DeBastiani AGAA, Goldberg DE (eds.) Orthofix external fixation in trauma and orthopedics. London: Springer London; 2000:97-103. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0691-3_11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceroni D, Grumetz C, Desvachez O, et al. From prevention of pin-tract infection to treatment of osteomyelitis during paediatric external fixation. J Child Orthop. 2016;10(6):605-612. doi: 10.1007/s11832-016-0787-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceroni D, Grumetz C, Desvachez O, et al. From prevention of pin-tract infection to treatment of osteomyelitis during paediatric external fixation. J Child Orthop. 2016;10(6):605-612. doi: 10.1007/s11832-016-0787-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahbek O, Husum HC, Fridberg M, et al. Intrarater Reliability of Digital Thermography in Detecting Pin Site Infection: A Proof of Concept Study. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2021;16(1):1-7. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10080-1522.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahbek O, Husum HC, Fridberg M, et al. Intrarater Reliability of Digital Thermography in Detecting Pin Site Infection: A Proof of Concept Study. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2021;16(1):1-7. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10080-1522.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bafor A, Skals RG, Shen M, et al. An assessment of the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the modified Gordon pin infection classification system. Digit Health. 2024;10:20552076241277672. doi: 10.1177/20552076241277672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bafor A, Skals RG, Shen M, et al. An assessment of the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the modified Gordon pin infection classification system. Digit Health. 2024;10:20552076241277672. doi: 10.1177/20552076241277672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen VD, London J, Cone RO 3rd. Ring sequestrum: radiographic characteristics of skeletal fixation pin-tract osteomyelitis. Radiology. 1986;158(1):129-131. doi: 10.1148/radiology.158.1.3940369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen VD, London J, Cone RO 3rd. Ring sequestrum: radiographic characteristics of skeletal fixation pin-tract osteomyelitis. Radiology. 1986;158(1):129-131. doi: 10.1148/radiology.158.1.3940369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaishya R, Vaish A. Ring sequestrum of the tibia. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2013201837. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201837.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaishya R, Vaish A. Ring sequestrum of the tibia. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2013201837. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201837.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timmer IR, Emmink BL, Leenen LPH, Govaert GAM. Complete ejection of a ring sequestrum 8 years after external fixation of the tibia. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(3):e233196. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timmer IR, Emmink BL, Leenen LPH, Govaert GAM. Complete ejection of a ring sequestrum 8 years after external fixation of the tibia. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(3):e233196. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jardaly AH, LaCoste K, Gilbert SR, Conklin MJ. Late Deep Infections Complicating Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures. Case Rep Orthop. 2021;2021:7915516. doi: 10.1155/2021/7915516.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jardaly AH, LaCoste K, Gilbert SR, Conklin MJ. Late Deep Infections Complicating Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures. Case Rep Orthop. 2021;2021:7915516. doi: 10.1155/2021/7915516.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehri A, SeilanianToosi F, Samini F, et al. Parietal bone osteoid osteoma: A rare cause of button sequestrum sign in pediatrics. Case report and review of literature. Clin Case Rep. 2022;10(10):e6416. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.6416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehri A, SeilanianToosi F, Samini F, et al. Parietal bone osteoid osteoma: A rare cause of button sequestrum sign in pediatrics. Case report and review of literature. Clin Case Rep. 2022;10(10):e6416. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.6416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christodoulou EF, Nistikoulis G, Deftereos SP. Button Sequestrum Sign Due to Osteomyelitis of the Mandible Secondary to Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis. Maedica (Bucur). 2021;16(3):531-533. doi: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.3.531.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christodoulou EF, Nistikoulis G, Deftereos SP. Button Sequestrum Sign Due to Osteomyelitis of the Mandible Secondary to Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis. Maedica (Bucur). 2021;16(3):531-533. doi: 10.26574/maedica.2020.16.3.531.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krasnokutsky MV. The button sequestrum sign. Radiology. 2005;236(3):1026-1027. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2363031294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnokutsky MV. The button sequestrum sign. Radiology. 2005;236(3):1026-1027. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2363031294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крючков Р.А., Кунафин М.С., Хунафин С.Н. Остеомиелит после остеосинтеза с применением металлоконструкций у больных с закрытыми переломами трубчатых костей. Креативная хирургия и онкология. 2013;(4):62-64. doi: 10.24060/2076-3093-2013-0-4-62-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kryuchkov RA, Kunafin MS, Khunafin SN. Osteomyelitis after osteosynthesis using of metal in patients with closed fractures of tubular bones. Creative surgery and oncology. 2013;(4):62-64. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24060/2076-3093-2013-0-4-62-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy-Tomlinson J. Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD004551. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy-Tomlinson J. Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD004551. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan CK, Saw A, Kwan MK, Karina R. Diluted povidone-iodine versus saline for dressing metal-skin interfaces in external fixation. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2009;17(1):19-22. doi: 10.1177/230949900901700105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan CK, Saw A, Kwan MK, Karina R. Diluted povidone-iodine versus saline for dressing metal-skin interfaces in external fixation. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2009;17(1):19-22. doi: 10.1177/230949900901700105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira N, Marais LC. Prevention and management of external fixator pin track sepsis. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2012;7(2):67-72. doi: 10.1007/s11751-012-0139-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira N, Marais LC. Prevention and management of external fixator pin track sepsis. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2012;7(2):67-72. doi: 10.1007/s11751-012-0139-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frank FA, Stubbs D, Ferguson JY, McNally M. A practical definition of pin site infection. Injury. 2024;55(2):111230. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frank FA, Stubbs D, Ferguson JY, McNally M. A practical definition of pin site infection. Injury. 2024;55(2):111230. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamahashi K, Uchiyama Y, Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M. Delayed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis of the tibia after pin tract infection: two case reports. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s13256-016-1187-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamahashi K, Uchiyama Y, Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M. Delayed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis of the tibia after pin tract infection: two case reports. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s13256-016-1187-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дьячкова Г.В., Дьячков К.А., Ларионова Т.А. и др. «Многоликий» хронический остеомиелит: лучевая диагностика. Гений ортопедии. 2020;26(3):385-391. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2020-26-3-385-391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diachkova GV, Diachkov KA, Larionova TA, et al. A multifaceted osteomyelitis: radiological diagnosis. Genij Ortopedii. 2020;26(3):385-391. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2020-26-3-385-391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дьячкова Г.В., Митина Ю.Л., Клюшин Н.М. и др. Качество кости у больных хроническим остеомиелитом костей стопы по данным компьютерной томографии. Вестник рентгенологии и радиологии. 2016;97(4):206-214. doi: 10.20862/0042-4676-2016-97-4-206-214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diachkova GV, Mitina YuL, Klyushin NM, et al. Bone quality in patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the foot according to computed tomography data. Journal of radiology and nuclear medicine. 2016;97(4):206-214. (In Russ.) doi: 10.20862/0042-4676-2016-97-4-206-214.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
