<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-4-502-509</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3300</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Новые технологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>New technologies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вариант восстановления плечевой кости при псевдоартрозе свободными аутотрансплантатами малоберцовой кости в условиях чрескостного остеосинтеза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Variant of bone restoration in humeral nonunion with a free fibular autograft in the conditions of transosseous osteosynthesis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0954-4573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давиров</surname><given-names>Ш. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davirov</surname><given-names>Sh. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шароф Мажидович Давиров — PhD, врач — травматолог-ортопед, заведующий отделением</p><p>Самарканд</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sharof M. Davirov — PhD, orthopaedic surgeon, Head of the Department</p><p>Samarkand</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уринбаев</surname><given-names>П. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Urinbaev</surname><given-names>P. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пайзилла Уринбаевич Уринбаев — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры</p><p>Самарканд</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Paizilla U. Urinbaev — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department</p><p>Samarkand</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мансуров</surname><given-names>Д. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mansurov</surname><given-names>D. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джалолидин Шамсидинович Мансуров — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой</p><p>Самарканд</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dzhalolidin Sh. Mansurov — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department</p><p>Samarkand</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гафуров</surname><given-names>Ф. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafurov</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фаррух Абуалиевич Гафуров — PhD, ассистент кафедры</p><p>Самарканд</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Farrukh A. Gafurov — PhD, Assistant of the Department</p><p>Samarkand</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-5467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борзунов</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borzunov</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Юрьевич Борзунов — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry Yu. Borzunov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department</p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borzunov@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самаркандский филиал Республиканского специализированного научно-практического медицинского центра травматологии и ортопедии</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samarkand branch of the Republican specialized scientific and practical medical center of traumatology and orthopedics</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самаркандский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samarkand State Medical University</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный медицинский университет; Центральная городская клиническая больница № 23</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University; Central city clinical hospital No. 23</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>502</fpage><lpage>509</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Давиров Ш.М., Уринбаев П.У., Мансуров Д.Ш., Гафуров Ф.А., Борзунов Д.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Давиров Ш.М., Уринбаев П.У., Мансуров Д.Ш., Гафуров Ф.А., Борзунов Д.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Davirov S.M., Urinbaev P.U., Mansurov D.S., Gafurov F.A., Borzunov D.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3300">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3300</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Результатом безуспешной хирургической реабилитации пациентов с переломами плечевой кости является формирование многокомпонентного патологического симптомокомплекса, включающего ложный сустав или костный дефект, изменение формы и длины отломков плечевой кости, развитие стойких ангиотрофических расстройств верхней конечности и контрактур плечевого и локтевого суставов. Несмотря на эффективность использования погружных металлоконструкций, имеются риски безуспешных оперативных вмешательств и несостоятельности остеосинтеза при сложных анатомофункциональных поражениях.</p><p>Цель работы — продемонстрировать новую технологию использования свободных фрагментов малоберцовой кости в качестве костно-пластического материала для восстановления целостности плечевой кости при ложных суставах и костных дефектах в условиях чрескостного остеосинтеза и трансоссальной фиксации имплантатов спицами.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В качестве костно-пластического материала использовали свободный аутотрансплантат малоберцовой кости в виде цилиндр – фрагмента, который резецировали проксимальнее уровня голеностопного сустава на 8,0-9,0 см. Интраоперационно имплантат малоберцовой кости фрагментировали. Имплантацию фрагментов осуществляли по периферии отломков плечевой кости с перекрытием зоны псевдоартроза. Свободные аутотрасплантаты малоберцовой кости трансоссально фиксировали спицами. Для фиксации сегмента использовали спице-стержневой вариант аппарата Илизарова из трех внешних опор.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. «Золотым стандартом» костно-пластического материала является аутокость. При локализации дефектов и ложных суставов плечевой кости в дистальном метаэпифизе использование малоберцовой кости в дизайне цилиндр – фрагмента с внутрикостным армированием плечевой кости технически затруднено. Открытая адаптация плечевой кости с адекватным контактом между отломками, использование оптимального аутогенного костно-пластического материала с перекрытием зоны псевдоартроза для увеличения объема костной массы обеспечивают восстановление костной регенерации в зоне псевдоартроза. Для фиксации отломков плечевой кости и костных имплантатов оптимальным является использование аппаратов внешней фиксации.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Оригинальность разработанной технологии заключается в использовании нескольких свободных костных аутотрансплантов, сформированных из малоберцовой кости и имплантируемых по периферии зоны стыка отломков плечевой кости. Зона активного остеогенеза создается благодаря комбинированному эффекту открытой адаптации концов отломков плечевой кости с резекцией замыкательных пластинок и костной аутопластикой с перекрытием проблемной зоны. Дополнительная трансоссальная фиксация костных аутотрансплантатов спицами обеспечивает стабильность свободных имплантатов. Управляемая фиксация отломков плечевой кости с поддержанием компрессии и адекватного контакта отломков достигается при использовании аппарата Илизарова.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Failures in surgical rehabilitation of patients with humeral fractures result in the formation of a multicomponent complex of pathological symptoms, including nonunion or bone defect, changes in the shape and length of humeral fragments, development of persistent angiotrophic disorders of the upper limb and contractures of the shoulder and elbow joints. Despite the effectiveness of using metal implants, there are risks in surgical osteosynthesis in complex anatomical and functional lesions.</p><p>The purpose of the work was to demonstrate a new technology of bone plasty with free fragments of the fibula as a bone-plastic material for restoring the integrity of the humerus in bone nonunion and defects in the conditions of transosseous osteosynthesis and transosseous fixation of the grafts with wires.</p><p>Materials and methods A free autograft of the fibula shaped as a cylindrical fragment, which was resected proximally to the ankle joint level at 8.0-9.0-cm distance, was used as a bone plastic material. The fibula graft was fragmented intraoperatively. Fragments were implanted along the periphery of the humerus fragments overlapping of the pseudarthrosis site. Free autografts of the fibula were transosseously fixed with wires. A wire/half-pine Ilizarov apparatus with three external supports was placed to fix the segment.</p><p>Discussion The "gold standard" material for bone plasty is autogenous bone. If defects and pseudoarthroses of the humerus are located in the distal metaepiphysis, the application of the fibular cylinder-shaped fragment with intraosseous reinforcement of the humeral bone is technically difficult. Open co-aptation of the humeral fragments with adequate contact between them and application of the optimal autogenous bone-plastic material which overlaps the pseudarthrosis zone to increase the volume of bone mass ensure the restoration of bone regeneration in the pseudarthrosis zone. External fixation is optimal for fixation of bone fragments and grafts.</p><p>Conclusion The originality of the developed technology lies in the use of several free bone autografts from the fibula implanted along the periphery of the humeral fragments junction. The area of active osteogenesis is thus created due to the combined effect of open co-aptation of the ends of the humeral fragments with resection of the endplates and bone autogenous grafts that overlap the problematic area. Additional transosseous fixation of bone autografts with wires ensures the stability of free grafts. Controlled fixation of humeral fragments with compression and adequate contact of the fragments is achieved with the Ilizarov apparatus.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>псевдоартроз</kwd><kwd>ложный сустав</kwd><kwd>плечевая кость</kwd><kwd>аутотрансплантаты малоберцовой кости</kwd><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>Илизаров</kwd><kwd>костно-пластический материал</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nonunion</kwd><kwd>pseudarthrosis</kwd><kwd>humerus</kwd><kwd>fibular autografts</kwd><kwd>transosseous osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>Ilizarov</kwd><kwd>bone plasty material</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campochiaro G, Baudi P, Gialdini M, et al. Humeral shaft non-union after intramedullary nailing. Musculoskelet Surg. 2017;101(2):189193. doi: 10.1007/s12306-017-0468-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campochiaro G, Baudi P, Gialdini M, et al. Humeral shaft non-union after intramedullary nailing. Musculoskelet Surg. 2017;101(2):189-193. doi: 10.1007/s12306-017-0468-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевцов В.И., Макушин В.Д., Куфтырев Л.М., Солдатов Ю.П. Псевдоартрозы, дефекты костей верхней конечности и контрактуры локтевого сустава (базовые технологии лечения аппаратом Илизарова). Курган: Зауралье; 2001:407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevtsov VI, Makushin VD, Kuftyrev LM, Soldatov YP. Pseudoarthroses, bone defects of the upper limb and contractures of the elbow joint (basic technologies of treatment with the Ilizarov apparatus). Kurgan: TransUrals Publ.; 2001:407. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pantalone A, Vanni D, Guelfi M, et al. From plate to nail: a case-report of proximal humerus non-union. Injury. 2015;46(Suppl 7):S48-50. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(15)30046-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pantalone A, Vanni D, Guelfi M, et al. From plate to nail: a case-report of proximal humerus non-union. Injury. 2015;46(Suppl 7):S48-50. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(15)30046-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright TW, Miller GJ, Vander Griend RA, et al. Reconstruction of the humerus with an intramedullary fibular graft. A clinical and biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(5):804-807. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.75B5.8376445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright TW, Miller GJ, Vander Griend RA, et al. Reconstruction of the humerus with an intramedullary fibular graft. A clinical and biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(5):804-807. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.75B5.8376445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ring D, Jupiter JB, Quintero J, et al. Atrophic ununited diaphyseal fractures of the humerus with a bony defect: treatment by waveplate osteosynthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82(6):867-871. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.82b6.10124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ring D, Jupiter JB, Quintero J, et al. Atrophic ununited diaphyseal fractures of the humerus with a bony defect: treatment by wave-plate osteosynthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82(6):867-871. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.82b6.10124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubel IF, Kloen P, Campbell D, et al. Open reduction and internal fixation of humeral nonunions : a biomechanical and clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(8):1315-1322. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200208000-00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubel IF, Kloen P, Campbell D, et al. Open reduction and internal fixation of humeral nonunions: a biomechanical and clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(8):1315-1322. doi: 10.2106/00004623200208000-00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber TW, Cech O. Pseudarthrosis: pathophysiology, biomechanics, therapy, results. New York: Grune and Stratton Publ.; 1976:323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber TW, Cech O. Pseudarthrosis: pathophysiology, biomechanics, therapy, results. New York: Grune and Stratton Publ.; 1976:323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевцов В.И. Закрытый компрессионно-дистракционный остеосинтез по Илизарову при лечении ложных суставов плечевой кости: дис... канд. мед. наук. Курган; 1976:175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevtsov VI. Closed Ilizarov compression-distraction osteosynthesis in the treatment of false joints of the humerus. Kand. Dis. Kurgan; 2001:407. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевцов В.И., Свешников А.А., Носова Л.Н., Шапошникова Г.В. Возмещение диафизарных дефектов плечевой кости удлинением одного или обоих отломков по Илизарову. Травматология и ортопедия России. 1995;5:63-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevtsov VI, Sveshnikov AA, Nosova LN, Shaposhnikova GV. Replacing diaphyseal defects of the humerus by lengthening one or both fragments according to Ilizarov method. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 1995;5:63-64. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шапошникова Г.В. Лечение больных с дефектами плечевой кости методом чрескостного остеосинтеза по Илизарову: дис... канд. мед. наук. Курган; 1996:209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaposhnikova GV. Treatment of patients with humerus defects by the Ilizarov percutaneous osteosynthesis method. Kand Dis. Kurgan; 1996:209. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевцов В.И., Шапошникова Г.В. Анатомо-функциональная реабилитация больных с дефектами плечевой кости по Илизарову. Гений ортопедии. 1996;(2-3):73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevtsov VI, Shaposhnikova GV. Anatomo-functional rehabilitation of patients with humerus defects according to Ilizarov method. Genij Ortopedii. 1996;(2-3):73. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Субанбеков Э. Обоснование исследования проблемы посттравматических деформации чрезмыщелковых и надмыщелковых переломов плечевой кости у детей. Синергия наук. 2018;(21):325–334. URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subanbekov E. Rationale for the study of the problem of post-traumatic deformations of the supracondylar and supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Synergy of sciences. 2018;(21):325–334. (In Russ.) URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article1973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давиров Ш.М., Уринбоев П.У. Лечение пациента с открытым переломом костей предплечья и обширным дефектом костной ткани (случай из практики). Гений ортопедии. 2021;27(1):87-91. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-1-87-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davirov ShM, Urinboev PU. Repair of an open forearm fracture and extensive bony loss (case report). Genij Ortopedii. 2021;27(1):87-91. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-1-87-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давиров Ш.М., Уринбоев П.У. Лечение пациента с открытым переломом плечевой кости с обширным дефектом костной ткани с использованием костной пластики (случай из практики). Гений ортопедии. 2022;28(1):91-96. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-1-91-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davirov ShM, Urinboev PU. Repair of open humerus fracture and extensive bone defect using bone grafting (case report). Genij Ortopedii. 2022;28(1):91-96. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-1-91-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уринбаев П.У., Давиров Ш.М., Уринбаев И.П. Эффективность оперативного лечения псевдоартрозов наружного мыщелка плечевой кости у детей комбинированными методиками костнопластических операций с применением аппарата Илизарова. Гений ортопедии. 2024;30(1):46-58. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-1-46-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urinboev PU, Davirov ShM, Urinbaev IP. Surgical treatment of nonunion of the lateral humeral condyle in children using combined methods of bone grafting and the Ilizarov fixation. Genij Ortopedii. 2024;30(1):4658. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-1-46-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babhulkar S, Babhulkar S, Vasudev A. Recalcitrant aseptic atrophic non-union of the shaft of the humerus after failure of surgical treatment: management by excision of non-union, bone grafting and stabilization by LCP in different modes. Injury. 2017;48(Suppl 2):S33-S43. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(17)30492-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babhulkar S, Babhulkar S, Vasudev A. Recalcitrant aseptic atrophic non-union of the shaft of the humerus after failure of surgical treatment: management by excision of non-union, bone grafting and stabilization by LCP in different modes. Injury. 2017;48(Suppl 2):S33-S43. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(17)30492-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kashayi-Chowdojirao S, Vallurupalli A, Chilakamarri VK, et al. Role of autologous non-vascularised intramedullary fibular strut graft in humeral shaft nonunions following failed plating. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2017;8(Suppl 2):S21-S30. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.12.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashayi-Chowdojirao S, Vallurupalli A, Chilakamarri VK, et al. Role of autologous non-vascularised intramedullary fibular strut graft in humeral shaft nonunions following failed plating. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2017;8(Suppl 2):S21-S30. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2016.12.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балаев И.И., Куфтырев Л.М., Борзунов Д.Ю., Злобин А.В. Применение чрескостного остеосинтеза при лечении больного с саркомой Юинга плечевой кости. Гений Ортопедии. 2004;(2):63-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balaev II, Kuftyrev LM, Borzunov DY, Zlobin AV. Transosseous osteosynthesis in treatment of a patient with humeral Ewing sarcoma. Genij Ortopedii. 2004;(2):63-65. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борзунов Д.Ю., Митрофанов А.И., Моховиков Д.С. и др. Редкое клиническое наблюдение эхинококкового поражения диафиза плечевой кости. Гений Ортопедии. 2014;(2):64-68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borzunov DYu, Mitrofanov AI, Mokhovikov DS, et al. A rare case of humeral shaft echinococcal involvement. Genij Ortopedii. 2014;(2):64-68. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crosby LA, Norris BL, Dao KD, McGuire MH. Humeral shaft nonunions treated with fibular allograft and compression plating. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2000;29(1):45-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crosby LA, Norris BL, Dao KD, McGuire MH. Humeral shaft nonunions treated with fibular allograft and compression plating. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2000;29(1):45-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голяна С.И., Тихоненко Т.И., Галкина Н.С., Гранкин Д.Ю. Микрохирургическая аутотрансплантация малоберцовой кости как оптимальный метод закрытия обширных костных дефектов у детей с нейрофиброматозом. Гений ортопедии. 2023;29(4):368-375. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-4-368-375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golyana SI, Tikhonenko TI, Galkina NS, Grankin DYu. Microsurgical autologous ffbula transfer as an optimal method for closure of extensive bone defects in children with neuroffbromatosis. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(4):368-375. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-4-368-375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bumbasirevic M, Stevanovic M, Bumbasirevic V, et al. Free vascularised fibular grafts in orthopaedics. Int Orthop. 2014;38(6):12771282. doi: 10.1007/s00264-014-2281-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bumbasirevic M, Stevanovic M, Bumbasirevic V, et al. Free vascularised fibular grafts in orthopaedics. Int Orthop. 2014;38(6):1277-1282. doi: 10.1007/s00264-014-2281-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Den Heuvel SCM, Winters HAH, Ultee KH, et al. Combined massive allograft and intramedullary vascularized fibula transfer: the Capanna technique for treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Acta Orthop. 2020;91(5):605-610. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2020.1773670.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Den Heuvel SCM, Winters HAH, Ultee KH, et al. Combined massive allograft and intramedullary vascularized fibula transfer: the Capanna technique for treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Acta Orthop. 2020;91(5):605-610. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2020.1773670.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаркавенко Ю.Е., Захарьян Е.А., Зубаиров Т.Ф. и др. Микрохирургическая аутотрансплантация фрагмента малоберцовой кости при лечении дефектов костей у детей – возможности дальнейшей реконструктивной хирургии. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2021;(2). doi: 10.17513/spno.30624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garkavenko YE, Zakharyan EA, Zubairov TF, et al. Microsurgical autotransplantation of fibula fragment in the treatment of bone defects in children – possibilities for further reconstructive surgery. Modern problems of science and education. 2021;(2). (In Russ.) doi: 10.17513/spno.30624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bae DS, Waters PM, Sampson CE. Use of free vascularized fibular graft for congenital ulnar pseudarthrosis: surgical decision making in the growing child. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(6):755-762. doi: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000186241.29415.df.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bae DS, Waters PM, Sampson CE. Use of free vascularized fibular graft for congenital ulnar pseudarthrosis: surgical decision making in the growing child. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(6):755-762. doi: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000186241.29415.df.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauer AS, Singh AK, Amanatullah D, et al. Free vascularized fibular transfer with langenskiöld procedure for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2013;17(3):144-150. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e318295238b.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer AS, Singh AK, Amanatullah D, et al. Free vascularized fibular transfer with langenskiöld procedure for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2013;17(3):144150. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0b013e318295238b.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding DY, LaMartina J, Tai C, Pandya NK. Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Distal Radius Treated With Physeal-Sparing Double-Barrel Vascularized Free Fibula Transfer: A Case Report. Hand (N Y). 2017;12(5):NP140-NP144. doi: 10.1177/1558944717702472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding DY, LaMartina J, Tai C, Pandya NK. Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Distal Radius Treated With PhysealSparing Double-Barrel Vascularized Free Fibula Transfer: A Case Report. Hand (N Y). 2017;12(5):NP140NP144. doi: 10.1177/1558944717702472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Den Heuvel SCM, Winters HAH, Ultee KH, et al. Combined massive allograft and intramedullary vascularized fibula transfer: the Capanna technique for treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Acta Orthop. 2020;91(5):605-610. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2020.1773670.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Den Heuvel SCM, Winters HAH, Ultee KH, et al. Combined massive allograft and intramedullary vascularized fibula transfer: the Capanna technique for treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Acta Orthop. 2020;91(5):605-610. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2020.1773670.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гришин И.Г., Голубев В.Г., Крошкин М.М. и др. Пластика обширных дефектов длинных костей васкуляризированными малоберцовыми трансплантатами. Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2001;8(2):61-65. doi: 10.17816/vto98415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishin IT, Golubev VT, Kroshkin MM, et al. Plasty of extensive defects of long bones with vascularized peroneal grafts. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2001;8(2):61-65. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/vto98415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tu YK, Yen CY, Yeh WL, et al. Reconstruction of posttraumatic long bone defect with free vascularized bone graft: good outcome in 48 patients with 6 years' follow-up. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72(4):359-364. doi: 10.1080/000164701753542014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tu YK, Yen CY, Yeh WL, et al. Reconstruction of posttraumatic long bone defect with free vascularized bone graft: good outcome in 48 patients with 6 years' follow-up. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72(4):359-364. doi: 10.1080/000164701753542014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borzunov DY, Kolchin SN, Malkova TA. Role of the Ilizarov non-free bone plasty in the management of long bone defects and nonunion: Problems solved and unsolved. World J Orthop. 2020;11(6):304-318. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v11.i6.304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borzunov DY, Kolchin SN, Malkova TA. Role of the Ilizarov non-free bone plasty in the management of long bone defects and nonunion: Problems solved and unsolved. World J Orthop. 2020;11(6):304-318. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v11.i6.304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борзунов Д.Ю., Моховиков Д.С., Колчин С.Н. Новая технология реконструкции плеча свободным аутотрансплантатом из малоберцовой кости при гипотрофическом псевдоартрозе. Гений ортопедии. 2020;26(3):408-412. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-202026-3-408-412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borzunov DYu, Mokhovikov DS, Kolchin SN. New technology for humerus reconstruction with a free fibular autologous graft in hypotrophic pseudarthrosis. Genij Ortopedii. 2020;26(3):408-412. doi: 10.18019/10284427-2020-26-3-408-412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моховиков Д.С., Колчин С.Н., Борзунов Д.Ю. Способ реконструкции плечевой кости при гипотрофичексом псевдоартрозе. Патент РФ на изобретение № 2695268. 22.07.2019. Бюл. № 21. Доступно по: https://www.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=RUPAT&amp;DocNumber=2695268&amp;TypeFile=html. Ссылка активна на 16.05.2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokhovikov DS, Kolchin SN, Borzunov DYu. Method of humerus reconstruction in hypotrophic pseudoarthrosis. Patent RF, no. 2695268, 2019. Available at: https://www.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=RUPAT&amp;DocNumber=2695268&amp;TypeFile=html. Accessed May 16, 2025. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухаметов У.Ф., Люлин С.В., Борзунов Д.Ю. и др. Аллопластические и имплантационные материалы для костной пластики: обзор литературы. Креативная хирургия и онкология. 2021;11(4):343–353. doi: 10.24060/2076-3093-2021-11-4-343-353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhametov UF, Lyulin SV, Borzunov DY, et al. Alloplastic and Implant Materials for Bone Grafting: a Literature Review. Creative surgery and oncology. 2021;11(4):343-353. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24060/2076-30932021-11-4-343-353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt AH. Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard? Injury. 2021;52(Suppl 2):S18-S22. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.01.043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt AH. Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard? Injury. 2021;52(Suppl 2):S18-S22. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.01.043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Healy WL, White GM, Mick CA, et al. Nonunion of the humeral shaft. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(219):206-213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healy WL, White GM, Mick CA, et al. Nonunion of the humeral shaft. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(219):206213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marti RK, Verheyen CC, Besselaar PP. Humeral shaft nonunion: evaluation of uniform surgical repair in fifty-one patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16(2):108-115. doi: 10.1097/00005131-200202000-00007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marti RK, Verheyen CC, Besselaar PP. Humeral shaft nonunion: evaluation of uniform surgical repair in fiftyone patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16(2):108-115. doi: 10.1097/00005131-200202000-00007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sitati FC, Kingori J. Outcome of management of humerus diaphysis non-union. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2009;14(2):13-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sitati FC, Kingori J. Outcome of management of humerus diaphysis non-union. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2009;14(2):13-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
