<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-4-487-494</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3298</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические случаи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical Cases</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Антистафилококковая активность титановых 3D-имплантатов с магнийсодержащим многокомпонентным покрытием</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antistaphylococcal activity of 3D-printed titanium implants with magnesium-containing multicomponent coating</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-7413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордина</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordina</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Михайловна Гордина — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina M. Gordina — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">emgordina@win.rniito.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-2424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Анатольевна Божкова — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая отделением</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Bozhkova — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Scientific Department</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">clinpharm-rniito@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-7688</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лабутин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Labutin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Владимирович Лабутин — младший научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Labutin — Junior Researcher</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mailbox@dlabutin.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8446-5114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богма</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogma</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Владимировна Богма — кандидат фармацевтических наук, специалист в области низкотемпературной плазмы</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Bogma — Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, specialist in low-temperature plasma</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mvbogma@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2327-2466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерузин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eruzin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Анатольевич Ерузин — кандидат технических наук, инженер участка вакуумной металлизации, специалист в области низкотемпературной плазмы</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Eruzin — Candidate of Technical Sciences, engineer, vacuum metallization section, specialist in low-temperature plasma</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chemical-man@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ОАО «Радиотехкомплект»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC "Radiotekhkomplekt"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>487</fpage><lpage>494</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гордина Е.М., Божкова С.А., Лабутин Д.В., Богма М.В., Ерузин А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гордина Е.М., Божкова С.А., Лабутин Д.В., Богма М.В., Ерузин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gordina E.M., Bozhkova S.A., Labutin D.V., Bogma M.V., Eruzin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3298">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3298</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Благодаря своим превосходным характеристикам титан на протяжении десятилетий успешно используют в качестве искусственных имплантатов в ортопедической хирургии. Однако любое хирургическое вмешательство, связанное с установкой имплантата, имеет риск развития имплантатассоциированной инфекции (ИАИ), возбудителями которой более чем в половине случаев являются стафилококки.</p><p>Цель исследования — оценка антибактериальной, антибиопленочной активности и цитосовместимости многокомпонентного покрытия с оксидами магния и серебра на поверхности 3D-образцов титана.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Комплекс MgO-AgO-MgO наносили на 3D-образцы медицинского титана. Элементный анализ проведен с помощью сканирующего электронного микроскопа ТМ 4000 Plus. Для выявления антибактериальной активности в отношении S. aureus образцы сутки инкубировали совместно с бактериями. Биопленки S. aureus формировали путем погружения тестируемых образцов в питательную среду с бактериями. После суточной инкубации образцы промывали, помещали в УЗ-мойку, а затем выполняли посев соникационной жидкости методом секторных посевов. Цитосовместимость покрытия оценивали на культуре эукариотических клеток линии Vero.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Элементный анализ и картирование подтвердили равномерное распределение оксидов на поверхности 3D-образцов титана. Разработанное покрытие характеризовалось антибактериальной активностью против S. aureus в течение трех суток. Установлено, что комплекс MgO-AgO-MgO обеспечивал эффективное препятствие адгезии S. aureus и формированию микробной пленки, в то время как на контрольных образцах регистрировали образование биопленки стафилококками. Однако анализ цитосовместимости полученных 3D-образцов показал отсутствие жизнеспособных клеток после 72 ч инкубации в среде с экстрактом из образцов титана с покрытием.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Разработанный комплекс MgO-AgO-MgO несмотря на снижение антибактериальных свойств на четвертые сутки значимо предупреждал микробную адгезию на поверхность образов, что обеспечивало защиту имплантата от образования микробной биопленки. Выявленная цитотоксичность комплекса, по-видимому, обусловлена значительной активацией реакций перекисного окисления липидов, которая и вызвала подавление жизнеспособности эукариотических клеток.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Покрытие MgO-AgO-MgO предупреждает возможность первичного взаимодействия возбудителя и абиотической поверхности, что является одним из основных факторов в профилактике развития ИАИ и её рецидивов после ревизионных операций с заменой имплантата. Однако высокий уровень цитотоксичности требует дальнейшей модификации техники нанесения покрытия и его состава.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Titanium has been successfully employed as artificial implants in orthopedic surgery for decades. Surgical intervention, specifically the implantation of medical devices, carries a risk of implant-associated infection (IAI), the causative agents of which are staphylococci in more than half of the cases.</p><p>The objective was to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm activity and cytocompatibility of a multicomponent coating with magnesium and silver oxides on the surface of 3D titanium samples.</p><p>Material and methods The MgO-AgO-MgO complex The MgO-AgO-MgO complex was applied to 3D samples of medical titanium. Elemental analysis was performed using a TM 4000 Plus scanning electron microscope. The samples were incubated with bacteria for 24 hours to identify antibacterial activity against S. aureus. S. aureus biofilms were formed by immersing the test samples in a nutrient medium with bacteria. After a 24-hour incubation, the samples were washed, placed in an ultrasonic washer, and then sonication fluid was seeded using the sector seeding method. The cytocompatibility of the coating was assessed on a culture of eukaryotic cells of the Vero line.</p><p>Results Elemental analysis and mapping confirmed the uniform distribution of oxides on the surface of 3D titanium samples. The coating was characterized by antibacterial activity against S. aureus for three days. The MgO-AgO-MgO complex effectively prevented S. aureus adhesion and microbial film formation, while the control samples showed biofilm formation by staphylococci. However, cytocompatibility analysis of the 3D samples showed no viable cells after 72 h of incubation in a medium with an extract from coated titanium samples.</p><p>Discussion Despite a decrease in antibacterial properties on day 4, the MgO-AgO-MgO complex prevented microbial adhesion to the surface of the samples which ensured protection of the implant from the formation of microbial biofilm. The cytotoxicity of the complex was caused by significant activation of lipid peroxidation reactions, which resulted in suppression of the viability of eukaryotic cells.</p><p>Conclusion The MgO-AgO-MgO coating prevents primary interaction between the pathogen and the abiotic surface, which is one of the main factors in preventing the development of IAI and the relapses after revision surgeries with implant replacement. However, the high level of cytotoxicity requires further modification of the coating application technique and its composition.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>имплантат-ассоциированная инфекция</kwd><kwd>антибактериальное покрытие</kwd><kwd>магний</kwd><kwd>оксиды</kwd><kwd>серебро</kwd><kwd>S. aureus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>implant-associated infection</kwd><kwd>antibacterial coating</kwd><kwd>magnesium</kwd><kwd>oxides</kwd><kwd>silver</kwd><kwd>S. aureus</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках реализации темы государственного задания № 056-00123-21-00.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed as part of the governmental project No. 056-00123-21-00</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nelson SB, Pinkney JA, Chen AF, Tande AJ. Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Current Clinical Challenges. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(7):e34-e45. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nelson SB, Pinkney JA, Chen AF, Tande AJ. Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Current Clinical Challenges. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(7):e34-e45. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabaja H, Abu Saleh OM, Osmon DR. Periprosthetic Joint Infection: What's New? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2024;38(4):731-756. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.07.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabaja H, Abu Saleh OM, Osmon DR. Periprosthetic Joint Infection: What's New? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2024;38(4):731-756. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.07.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudelli BA, Giglio PN, de Carvalho VC, et al. Bacteria drug resistance profile affects knee and hip periprosthetic joint infection outcome with debridement, antibiotics and implant retention. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):574. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03570-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudelli BA, Giglio PN, de Carvalho VC, et al. Bacteria drug resistance profile affects knee and hip periprosthetic joint infection outcome with debridement, antibiotics and implant retention. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):574. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03570-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E, et al. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(4):780-785. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E, et al. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(4):780-785. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller R, Higuera CA, Wu J, et al. Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Review of Antibiotic Treatment. JBJS Rev. 2020;8(7):e1900224. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller R, Higuera CA, Wu J, et al. Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Review of Antibiotic Treatment. JBJS Rev. 2020;8(7):e1900224. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masters EA, Ricciardi BF, Bentley KLM, et al. Skeletal infections: microbial pathogenesis, immunity and clinical management. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(7):385-400. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00686-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masters EA, Ricciardi BF, Bentley KLM, et al. Skeletal infections: microbial pathogenesis, immunity and clinical management. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(7):385-400. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00686-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghimire A, Song J. Anti-Periprosthetic Infection Strategies: From Implant Surface Topographical Engineering to Smart DrugReleasing Coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13(18):20921-20937. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c01389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghimire A, Song J. Anti-Periprosthetic Infection Strategies: From Implant Surface Topographical Engineering to Smart Drug-Releasing Coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13(18):20921-20937. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c01389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeong M, Radomski K, Lopez D, et al. Materials and applications of 3D printing technology in dentistry: an overview. Dent J (Basel). 2023;12(1):1. doi: 10.3390/dj12010001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeong M, Radomski K, Lopez D, et al. Materials and applications of 3D printing technology in dentistry: an overview. Dent J (Basel). 2023;12(1):1. doi: 10.3390/dj12010001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Celi S, Gasparotti E, Capellini K, et al. 3D Printing in Modern Cardiology. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(16):1918-1930. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200622132440.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Celi S, Gasparotti E, Capellini K, et al. 3D Printing in Modern Cardiology. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(16):1918-1930. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200622132440.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun X, Zhong R, Wu C, et al. 3D printed titanium scaffolds with bi-directional gradient QK-functionalized surface. Adv Mater. 2025;37(8):e2406421. doi: 10.1002/adma.202406421.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun X, Zhong R, Wu C, et al. 3D printed titanium scaffolds with bi-directional gradient QK-functionalized surface. Adv Mater. 2025;37(8):e2406421. doi: 10.1002/adma.202406421.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phuoc HD, Hoang PN, Yang S, et al. Osseointegrability of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy implant on tibial shaft bone defect in rabbit model. PLoS One. 2023;18(9):e0282457. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phuoc HD, Hoang PN, Yang S, et al. Osseointegrability of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy implant on tibial shaft bone defect in rabbit model. PLoS One. 2023;18(9):e0282457. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Resnik M, Benčina M, Levičnik E, et al. Strategies for improving antimicrobial properties of stainless steel. Materials. 2020;13:2944. doi: 10.3390/ma13132944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Resnik M, Benčina M, Levičnik E, et al. Strategies for improving antimicrobial properties of stainless steel. Materials. 2020;13:2944. doi: 10.3390/ma13132944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee UL, Yun S, Lee H, et al. Osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants with surface and structure modifications. Dent Mater. 2022;38(10):1648-1660. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.08.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee UL, Yun S, Lee H, et al. Osseointegration of 3D-printed titanium implants with surface and structure modifications. Dent Mater. 2022;38(10):1648-1660. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.08.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang P, Zhang Y, Hu R, et al. Advanced surface engineering of titanium materials for biomedical applications: from static modification to dynamic responsive regulation. Bioact Mater. 2023;27:15-57. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang P, Zhang Y, Hu R, et al. Advanced surface engineering of titanium materials for biomedical applications: from static modification to dynamic responsive regulation. Bioact Mater. 2023;27:15-57. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teulé-Trull M, Altuna P, Arregui M, et al. Antibacterial coatings for dental implants: a systematic review. Dent Mater. 2025;41(3):229247. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teulé-Trull M, Altuna P, Arregui M, et al. Antibacterial coatings for dental implants: a systematic review. Dent Mater. 2025;41(3):229-247. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng P, He R, Gu Y, et al. Construction of antibacterial bone implants and their application in bone regeneration. Mater Horiz. 2024;11(3):590-625. doi: 10.1039/d3mh01298k.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng P, He R, Gu Y, et al. Construction of antibacterial bone implants and their application in bone regeneration. Mater Horiz. 2024;11(3):590-625. doi: 10.1039/d3mh01298k.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen ZY, Gao S, Zhang YW, et al. Antibacterial biomaterials in bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B. 2021;9(11):2594-2612. doi: 10.1039/d0tb02983a.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen ZY, Gao S, Zhang YW, et al. Antibacterial biomaterials in bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B. 2021;9(11):25942612. doi: 10.1039/d0tb02983a.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan Z, Dai C, Li W. Material-based treatment strategies against intraosseous implant biofilm infection. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2024;39:101764. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan Z, Dai C, Li W. Material-based treatment strategies against intraosseous implant biofilm infection. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2024;39:101764. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Божкова С.А., Гордина Е.М., Марков М.А. и др. Влияние комбинации ванкомицина с препаратом серебра на длительность антимикробной активности костного цемента и формирование биопленки штаммом MRSA. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2021;27(2):54-64. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-2-54-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhkova SA, Gordina EM, Markov MA, et al. The effect of vancomycin and silver combination on the duration of antibacterial activity of bone cement and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2021;27(2):54-64. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-2-54-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kranjec C, Morales Angeles D, Torrissen Mårli M, et al. Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(2):131. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kranjec C, Morales Angeles D, Torrissen Mårli M, et al. Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(2):131. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">François P, Schrenzel J, Götz F. Biology and Regulation of Staphylococcal Biofilm. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6):5218. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">François P, Schrenzel J, Götz F. Biology and Regulation of Staphylococcal Biofilm. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6):5218. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касимова А.Р., Туфанова О.С., Гордина Е.М. и др. Двенадцатилетняя динамика спектра ведущих возбудителей ортопедической инфекции: ретроспективное исследование. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2024;30(1):66-75. doi: 10.17816/23112905-16720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasimova AR, Tufanova OS, Gordina EM, et al. Twelve-year dynamics of leading pathogens spectrum causing orthopedic infections from 2011 to 2022: A Retrospective Study. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2024;30(1):66-75. doi: 10.17816/2311-2905-16720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li M, Yu J, Guo G, Shen H. Interactions between Macrophages and Biofilm during Staphylococcus aureus-Associated Implant Infection: Difficulties and Solutions. J Innate Immun. 2023;15(1):499-515. doi: 10.1159/000530385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li M, Yu J, Guo G, Shen H. Interactions between Macrophages and Biofilm during Staphylococcus aureus-Associated Implant Infection: Difficulties and Solutions. J Innate Immun. 2023;15(1):499-515. doi: 10.1159/000530385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y, Xu J, Qin L, Jiang Q. Magnesium and osteoarthritis: from a new perspective. Ann Jt. 2016;1:29. doi: 10.21037/aoj.2016.11.04</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y, Xu J, Qin L, Jiang Q. Magnesium and osteoarthritis: from a new perspective. Ann Jt. 2016;1:29. doi: 10.21037/aoj.2016.11.04</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang JL, Tang L, Qi HN, et al. Dual function of magnesium in bone biomineralization. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;8(21):e1901030. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201901030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang JL, Tang L, Qi HN, et al. Dual function of magnesium in bone biomineralization. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;8(21):e1901030. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201901030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S A, Kavitha HP. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Effective Antilarvicidal and Antibacterial Agents. ACS Omega. 2023;8(6):52255233. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S A, Kavitha HP. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Effective Antilarvicidal and Antibacterial Agents. ACS Omega. 2023;8(6):5225-5233. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Hernández AP, Vega-Jiménez AL, Vázquez-Olmos AR, et al. Antibacterial properties in vitro of magnesium oxide nanoparticles for dental applications. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023;13(3):502. doi: 10.3390/nano13030502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Hernández AP, Vega-Jiménez AL, Vázquez-Olmos AR, et al. Antibacterial properties in vitro of magnesium oxide nanoparticles for dental applications. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023;13(3):502. doi: 10.3390/nano13030502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coelho CC, Padrão T, Costa L, et al. The antibacterial and angiogenic effect of magnesium oxide in a hydroxyapatite bone substitute. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19098. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76063-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coelho CC, Padrão T, Costa L, et al. The antibacterial and angiogenic effect of magnesium oxide in a hydroxyapatite bone substitute. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19098. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76063-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao Q, Yi L, Jiang L, et al. Osteogenic activity and antibacterial ability on titanium surfaces modified with magnesium-doped titanium dioxide coating. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2019;14(9):1109-1133. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao Q, Yi L, Jiang L, et al. Osteogenic activity and antibacterial ability on titanium surfaces modified with magnesiumdoped titanium dioxide coating. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2019;14(9):1109-1133. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang S, Zhang C, Guan Z, et al. Preparation of a novel antibacterial magnesium carbonate coating on a titanium surface and its in vitro biocompatibility. RSC advances. 2024;14(15):10516-10525. doi: 10.1039/d4ra00399c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang S, Zhang C, Guan Z, et al. Preparation of a novel antibacterial magnesium carbonate coating on a titanium surface and its in vitro biocompatibility. RSC advances. 2024;14(15):10516-10525. doi: 10.1039/d4ra00399c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rather MA, Gupta K, Mandal M. Microbial biofilm: formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies. Braz J Microbiol. 2021;52(4):1701-1718. doi: 10.1007/s42770-021-00624-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rather MA, Gupta K, Mandal M. Microbial biofilm: formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies. Braz J Microbiol. 2021;52(4):1701-1718. doi: 10.1007/s42770-021-00624-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamyab H, Chelliapan S, Hayder G, et al. Exploring the potential of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials for sustainable water and wastewater treatment: A review of their antimicrobial properties. Chemosphere. 2023;335:139103. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139103..</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamyab H, Chelliapan S, Hayder G, et al. Exploring the potential of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials for sustainable water and wastewater treatment: A review of their antimicrobial properties. Chemosphere. 2023;335:139103. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
