<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-4-433-443</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ошибки и осложнения при устранении посттравматических фронтальных деформаций локтевого сустава методом корригирующей надмыщелковой остеотомии аппаратом Илизарова</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Errors and complications with post-traumatic frontal deformities of the elbow joint corrected with supracondylar osteotomy with the Ilizarov apparatus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2499-3257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатов</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Петрович Солдатов — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, врач — травматолог-ортопед</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri P. Soldatov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Leading Researcher, orthopaedic surgeon</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">soldatov-up@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьячков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diachkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Николаевич Дьячков — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>Курган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander N. Diachkov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher</p><p>Kurgan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">naucaalex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени академика Г.А. Илизарова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ilizarov National Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>433</fpage><lpage>443</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Солдатов Ю.П., Дьячков А.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Солдатов Ю.П., Дьячков А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soldatov Y.P., Diachkov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3292">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3292</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Травматологи-ортопеды становятся сторонниками чрескостного остеосинтеза для устранения деформаций локтевого сустава благодаря его преимуществам, управляемости, мобильности и малоинвазивности. Однако работ, посвященных профилактике ошибок и осложнений при применении аппаратов внешней фиксации для восстановления биомеханической оси верхней конечности, представлено не достаточно.</p><p>Цель работы — выявить ошибки и осложнения при лечении больных с посттравматическими фронтальными деформациями локтевого сустава с применением аппарата Илизарова и определить рациональный алгоритм их устранения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 68 пациентов с деформациями локтевого сустава во фронтальной плоскости в возрасте от 4 до 56 лет, прооперированные с 1990 по 2024 гг. Пациенты распределены на 2 группы (контрольная и основная). В контрольной группе (41 пациент, операции — до 2018 г.) восстановление оси конечности осуществляли одномоментно во время операции или постепенно в послеоперационном периоде дистракцией аппаратом Илизарова на вогнутой стороне деформации. С целью профилактики ошибок и осложнений с 2018 г. лечение больных данной патологии стали осуществлять по разработанному протоколу, содержащему последовательность выполнения манипуляций на этапах операции и в послеоперационном периоде, а также учитывающему временные факторы. Эти больные вошли в основную группу исследования (27 пациентов).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлены осложнения со стороны: биомеханики конечности (остаточная деформация, нарушение оси конечности); сустава (контрактуры); кости (оскольчатый характер остеотомии, наличие зубцов); регенерата (ишемический регенерат); нервов (краткосрочные и длительные нейропатии лучевого, локтевого нервов).</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Количество осложнений у больных основной группы было в семь раз меньше по сравнению с литературными данными, при этом общее количество осложнений после надмыщелковой остеотомии плечевой кости и остеосинтеза аппаратом Илизарова было ниже в 1,6 раза. Анализ ошибок и осложнений при лечении больных с посттравматическими фронтальными деформациями локтевого сустава с применением надмыщелковой остеотомии и аппарата Илизарова позволил определить рациональный алгоритм их устранения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Посредством корригирующей надмыщелковой остеотомии плечевой кости и управления аппаратом Илизарова возможно восстановить ось конечности и биомеханику локтевого сустава. Разработанный алгоритм лечения больных с деформациями локтевого сустава, содержащий строгую последовательность действий с временными факторами, снижает процент ошибок и осложнений в виде погрешностей в выполнении остеотомии, остаточной деформации, неудовлетворительного регенерата, контрактур и нейропатий в 6,3 раза.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Transosseous osteosynthesis has the advantages of controllability, mobility and minimal invasiveness and is commonly used by trauma and orthopaedic surgeons for elbow deformity correction. There is a paucity of publications reporting errors and complications with external fixation devices used to restore the biomechanical axis of the upper limb.</p><p>The objective was to identify errors and complications in patients with post-traumatic coronal deformities of the elbow joint treated with the Ilizarov apparatus and to determine a rational algorithm for the prevention.</p><p>Material and methods The study included 68 patients with elbow deformities in the frontal plane. The patients age ranged from 4 to 56 years. The surgeries were performed between 1990 and 2024. Patients were divided into 2 groups: control and treatment. The control group included 41 patients who underwent correction surgery up to 2018. The limb was realigned either acutely or gradually post op through Ilizarov distraction produced on the concave side of the deformity. In order to prevent errors and complications, since 2018, patients with the condition have been treated according to a protocol developed to contain the sequence of intraoperative and postoperative manipulations taking into account time factors. These patients were included in the treatment group (n = 27).</p><p>Results Complications were identified in the limb biomechanics (residual deformity, disturbed limb axis); in the joint (contractures); in the bone (comminuted osteotomy, presence of teeth); in the bone regeneration (ischemic regenerate); in the nerves (short-term and long-term neuropathies of the radial and ulnar nerves).</p><p>Discussion The number of complications in patients of the treatment group was seven times less compared to literature data, while the total number of complications after supracondylar osteotomy of the humerus and Ilizarov fixation was 1.6 times lower. Review of errors and complications in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic frontal deformities of the elbow joint using supracondylar osteotomy and the Ilizarov fixation facilitated development of a rational algorithm for the correction.</p><p>Conclusion The limb axis can be realigned and biomechanics of the elbow joint restored with corrective supracondylar osteotomy of the humerus and manipulations with the Ilizarov apparatus. The algorithm developed for treatment of patients with elbow deformities suggested a strict sequence of actions with time factors, reducing errors and complications in the form of failures in performing osteotomy, residual deformity, poor regeneration, contractures and neuropathies by 6.3 times.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>локтевой сустав</kwd><kwd>деформация</kwd><kwd>варус</kwd><kwd>вальгус</kwd><kwd>надмыщелковая остеотомия</kwd><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>аппарат Илизарова</kwd><kwd>ошибки</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>elbow joint</kwd><kwd>deformity</kwd><kwd>varus</kwd><kwd>valgus</kwd><kwd>supracondylar osteotomy</kwd><kwd>transosseous osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>Ilizarov apparatus</kwd><kwd>errors</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen YC, Lin KC, Yeh SH, et al. Associations among quality of life, activities, and participation in elderly residents with joint contractures in long-term care facilities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):197. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-02870-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen YC, Lin KC, Yeh SH, et al. Associations among quality of life, activities, and participation in elderly residents with joint contractures in long-term care facilities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):197. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-02870-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duffy S, Flannery O, Gelfer Y, Monsell F. Overview of the contemporary management of supracondylar humeral fractures in children. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2021;31(5):871-881. doi: 10.1007/s00590-021-02932-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duffy S, Flannery O, Gelfer Y, Monsell F. Overview of the contemporary management of supracondylar humeral fractures in children. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2021;31(5):871-881. doi: 10.1007/s00590-021-02932-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spiegel DA, Banskota B. Management of Upper Extremity Fractures. In: Gosselin RA, Spiegel DA, Foltz M. (eds.) Global Orthopedics. Springer International Publ.; 2020:271-292. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13290-3_27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spiegel DA, Banskota B. Management of Upper Extremity Fractures. In: Gosselin RA, Spiegel DA, Foltz M. (eds.) Global Orthopedics. Springer International Publ.; 2020:271-292. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13290-3_27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельцин И.И., Афуков И.В., Котлубаев Р.С. и др. Варусная деформации локтевого сустава у детей после неустраненных ротационных смещений при переломах дистального отдела плечевой кости. Детская хирургия. 2016;20(2):87-91. doi: 10.18821/15609510-20-2-87-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mel’tsin II, Afukov IV, Kotlubaev RS, et al. Varus deformity of the elbow joint in children after uncorrected rotational displacements associated with fractures of the distal part of the humerus. Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2016;20(2):87-91. (In Russ.) doi: 10.18821/1560-9510-2016-20-2-87-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зоря В.И., Бабовников А.В. Повреждения локтевого сустава. М.: Геотар-Медиа; 2010:120-123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zorya VI, Babovnikov AV. Elbow joint injuries. Moscow: Geotar-Media; 2010:120-123. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нурмуканова И.К, Гильманов Р.И., Петрова К.А. и др. Клиническая и лучевая диагностика у ребенка прогрессирующей вальгусной деформации локтевого сустава после неосложненного перелома головочки мыщелка плечевой кости. REJR. 2020;10(1):284-288. doi:10.21569/2222-7415-2020-10-1284-288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nurmukanova IK, Gilmanov RI, Petrova KA, et al. Clinical and radiology diagnosis in a child of progressive hallux valgus deformity of the elbow joint after an uncomplicated fracture of the humerus condyle head. REJR. 2020;10(1):284-288. (In Russ.) doi:10.21569/2222-7415-2020-10-1284-288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хужаназаров И.Э., Ходжанов И.Ю. Посттравматическая варусная деформация локтевого сустава у детей и подростков и ее лечение. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2008;(1):12-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khuzhanazarov IE, Khodzhanov IY. Post-traumatic varus deformity of the elbow joint in children and adolescents and its treatment. Traumatology and orthopedics of Russia. 2008;(1):12-14. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Субанбеков Э. Обоснование исследования проблемы посттравматических деформации чрезмыщелковых и надмыщелковых переломов плечевой кости у детей. Синергия наук. 2018;(21):325-334. URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subanbekov E.M. Rationale for the study of the problem of post-traumatic deformations of the supracondylar and supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The Synergy of Sciences. 2018;3:1087-1093. (In Russ.). URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article1973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хужаназаров И., Ходжанов И. Основные тенденции при лечении посттравматических деформаций локтевого сустава у детей (обзор литературы). Гений ортопедии. 2015;(1):75-83. URL: https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2123/2150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khuzhanazarov IE, Khodzhanov IIu. The main tendencies in treatment of the elbow posttraumatic deformities in children (Review of the literature). Genij Ortopedii. 2015;(1):75-83. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2123/2150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондаренко С.С., Попсуйшапка А.К., Мезенцев А.А. Реконструктивно-восстановительные операции при сложных деформациях крупных суставов. Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. 1998;(3):125-126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bondarenko SS, Popsuyshapka AK, Mezentsev AA. Reconstructive surgery for complex deformities of large joints. Orthopedics, traumatology and prosthetics. 1998;(3):125-126. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тер-Егиазаров, Г.М., Миронов С.П. Оперативное лечение посттравматических контрактур и анкилозов локтевого сустава у детей и подростков. Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. 1980;(1):36-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ter-Egiazarov GM, Mironov SP. Surgical treatment of the elbow posttraumatic contractures and ankyloses in children and adolescents. Ortop Travmatol Protez. 1980;1:36-41. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raney EM, Thielen Z, Gregory S, Sobralske M. Complications of supracondylar osteotomies for cubitus varus. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(3):232-240. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3182471d3f.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raney EM, Thielen Z, Gregory S, Sobralske M. Complications of supracondylar osteotomies for cubitus varus. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(3):232-240. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3182471d3f.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gurung YP, Pokharel S, Bhusal R, et al. Effectiveness of supracondylar dome osteotomy in reducing lateral condylar prominence and enhancing functional outcomes in pediatric cubitus varus: a retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-08387-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurung YP, Pokharel S, Bhusal R, et al. Effectiveness of supracondylar dome osteotomy in reducing lateral condylar prominence and enhancing functional outcomes in pediatric cubitus varus: a retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-08387-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slongo T. Treatment of posttraumatic cubitus varus in children and adolescents. Supracondylar humeral osteotomy using radial external fixation. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2015;27(3):194-209. (In German) doi: 10.1007/s00064-015-0403-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slongo T. Treatment of posttraumatic cubitus varus in children and adolescents. Supracondylar humeral osteotomy using radial external fixation. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2015;27(3):194-209. (In German) doi: 10.1007/s00064-0150403-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Субанбеков Э.М. Результаты лечения посттравматических деформаций чрез -, надмыщелковых переломов плечевой кости у детей. Синергия Наук. 2018;(23). URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article2407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subanbekov EM. Results of treatment of posttraummatic deformations through, supracondylar fractures of the should bone in children. The Synergy of Sciences. 2018;(23). (In Russ.). URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article2407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Субанбеков Э.М. Выбор оптимальной методики корригирующей остеотомии при старых деформациях надмыщелковой области плечевой кости у пациентов детского возраста. Синергия Наук. 2018;(21):315-324. URL: https://synergy-journal.ru/archive/article1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subanbekov E.M. The choice of the optimal method of corrective osteotomy in old deformations of the supracondylar region of the humerus in patients of childhood age. The Synergy of Sciences. 2018;21:315-324. (In Russ.). URL: https:// synergy-journal.ru/archive/article1972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solfelt DA, Hill BW, Anderson CP, Cole PA. Supracondylar osteotomy for the treatment of cubitus varus in children: a systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(5):691-700. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.96B5.32296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solfelt DA, Hill BW, Anderson CP, Cole PA. Supracondylar osteotomy for the treatment of cubitus varus in children: a systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(5):691-700. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.96B5.32296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauer AS, Pham B, Lattanza LL. Surgical Correction of Cubitus Varus. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(3):447-452. doi: 10.1016/j. jhsa.2015.12.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer AS, Pham B, Lattanza LL. Surgical Correction of Cubitus Varus. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(3):447-452. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.12.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenhill DA, Kozin SH, Kwon M, Herman MJ. Oblique Lateral Closing-Wedge Osteotomy for Cubitus Varus in Skeletally Immature Patients. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2019;9(4):e40.1-e40.8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.ST.18.00107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenhill DA, Kozin SH, Kwon M, Herman MJ. Oblique Lateral Closing-Wedge Osteotomy for Cubitus Varus in Skeletally Immature Patients. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2019;9(4):e40.1-e40.8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.ST.18.00107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim JR, Moon YJ, Wang SI. Translation step-cut osteotomy for posttraumatic Cubitus Varus in adults: a retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):820. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03845-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JR, Moon YJ, Wang SI. Translation step-cut osteotomy for posttraumatic Cubitus Varus in adults: a retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):820. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03845-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffman B, Lee A, DiGiacomo D, et al. A systematic review of the operative techniques for treating cubitus varus deformity in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2024;33(6):590-599. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000001167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffman B, Lee A, DiGiacomo D, et al. A systematic review of the operative techniques for treating cubitus varus deformity in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2024;33(6):590-599. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000001167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali AM, Abouelnas BA, Elgohary HS. Dome osteotomy using the paratricipital (triceps-sparing) approach for cubitus varus deformity in children: a surgical technique to avoid lateral condylar prominence. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016;25(1):62-68. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali AM, Abouelnas BA, Elgohary HS. Dome osteotomy using the paratricipital (triceps-sparing) approach for cubitus varus deformity in children: a surgical technique to avoid lateral condylar prominence. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016;25(1):6268. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjee S, Sabui KK, Mondal J, et al. Corrective dome osteotomy using the paratricipital (triceps-sparing) approach for cubitus varus deformity in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(4):385-393. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318255e309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjee S, Sabui KK, Mondal J, et al. Corrective dome osteotomy using the paratricipital (triceps-sparing) approach for cubitus varus deformity in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(4):385-393. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318255e309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eamsobhana P, Kaewpornsawan K. Should we repair nonunion of the lateral humeral condyle in children? Int Orthop. 2015;39(8):1579-1585. doi: 10.1007/s00264-015-2805-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eamsobhana P, Kaewpornsawan K. Should we repair nonunion of the lateral humeral condyle in children? Int Orthop. 2015;39(8):1579-1585. doi: 10.1007/s00264-015-2805-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abed Y, Nour K, Kandil YR, El-Negery A. Triple management of cubitus valgus deformity complicating neglected nonunion of fractures of lateral humeral condyle in children: a case series. Int Orthop. 2018;42(2):375-384. doi: 10.1007/s00264-017-3709-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abed Y, Nour K, Kandil YR, El-Negery A. Triple management of cubitus valgus deformity complicating neglected nonunion of fractures of lateral humeral condyle in children: a case series. Int Orthop. 2018;42(2):375-384. doi: 10.1007/s00264-017-3709-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уринбаев П.У., Давиров Ш.М., Уринбаев И.П. Эффективность оперативного лечения псевдоартрозов наружного мыщелка плечевой кости у детей комбинированными методиками костнопластических операций с применением аппарата Илизарова. Гений ортопедии. 2024;30(1):46-58. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-1-46-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urinboev PU, Davirov ShM, Urinbaev IP. Surgical treatment of nonunion of the lateral humeral condyle in children using combined methods of bone grafting and the Ilizarov fixation. Genij Ortopedii. 2024;30(1):46-58. doi: 10.18019/10284427-2024-30-1-46-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солдатов Ю.П., Стогов М.В., Овчинников Е.Н. и др. Аппарат внешней фиксации конструкции Г.А. Илизарова. Оценка клинической эффективности и безопасности (обзор литературы). Гений ортопедии. 2019;25(4):588-599. doi: 10.18019/1028-44272019-25-4-588-599.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soldatov YuP, Stogov MV, Ovchinnikov EN, et al. Evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety of the Ilizarov apparatus for external fixation (literature review). Genij Ortopedii. 2019;25(4):588-599. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-201925-4-588-599.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sella EJ. Prevention and management of complications of the Ilizarov treatment method. Foot Ankle Spec. 2008;1(2):105-107. doi: 10.1177/1938640008315349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sella EJ. Prevention and management of complications of the Ilizarov treatment method. Foot Ankle Spec. 2008;1(2):105-107. doi: 10.1177/1938640008315349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl MT, Gulli B, Berg T. Complications of limb lengthening. A learning curve. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(301):10-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl MT, Gulli B, Berg T. Complications of limb lengthening. A learning curve. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(301):10-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slomka R. Complications of ring fixators in the foot and ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391):115-122. doi: 10.1097/00003086200110000-00012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slomka R. Complications of ring fixators in the foot and ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391):115-122. doi: 10.1097/00003086-200110000-00012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
