<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-3-314-321</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3250</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Генотип — фенотипическая ассоциация гетерозиготной делеции гена TBX-6 у пациентов с врожденным сколиозом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genotype-phenotypic association of heterozygous deletion of the TBX-6 gene in patients with congenital scoliosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-8739</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хальчицкий</surname><given-names>С. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalchitsky</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Егорович Хальчицкий — кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey E. Khalchitsky — Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of Laboratory</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s_khalchitski@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-5048</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виссарионов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vissarionov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Валентинович Виссарионов — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, директор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei V. Vissarionov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vissarionovs@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-3009</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Першина</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pershina</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полина Андреевна Першина — аспирант</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina A. Pershina — Postgraduate Student</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polinaiva2772@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буслов</surname><given-names>К. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Buslov</surname><given-names>K. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Григорьевич Буслов — кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin G. Buslov — Candidate of Biological Sciences</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kbuslov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6150-374X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новосад</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novosad</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Алексеевич Новосад — научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury A. Novosad — research fellow</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novosad.yur@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-8851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Согоян</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sogoyan</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Ваниковна Согоян — научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Sogoyan — research fellow</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sogoyanmarina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-2402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асадулаев</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Asadulaev</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марат Сергеевич Асадулаев — кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marat S. Asadulaev — Candidate of Medical Sciences, research fellow</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marat.asadulaev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2138-7541</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герцык</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gretsyk</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Вячеславовна Герцык — студент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Gertsyk — student</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mgercyk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии имени Г.И. Турнера</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Turner National Medical Research Center for Children's Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>314</fpage><lpage>321</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хальчицкий С.Е., Виссарионов С.В., Першина П.А., Буслов К.Г., Новосад Ю.А., Согоян М.В., Асадулаев М.С., Герцык М.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хальчицкий С.Е., Виссарионов С.В., Першина П.А., Буслов К.Г., Новосад Ю.А., Согоян М.В., Асадулаев М.С., Герцык М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khalchitsky S.E., Vissarionov S.V., Pershina P.A., Buslov K.G., Novosad Y.A., Sogoyan M.V., Asadulaev M.S., Gretsyk M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3250">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3250</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Врождённый сколиоз — мультифакториальное заболевание, обусловленное нарушением формирования позвоночника в эмбриогенезе. Ген TBX6, расположенный в локусе 16p11.2, играет ключевую роль в сомитогенезе, а его гетерозиготная делеция связана с развитием специфических фенотипов врожденного сколиоза (англ.: TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis, TACS). Несмотря на имеющиеся многочисленные исследования роли TBX6 в патогенезе врожденного сколиоза, данные о фенотипических проявлениях гетерозиготной делеции области 16р11.2 остаются ограниченными.Цель работы — определение и подтверждение TACS фенотипа в связи с наличием делеции области 16р11.2 у пациентов российской когорты.Материалы и методы. В моноцентровое ретроспективное когортное исследование включено 187 пациентов с диагнозом «врожденный сколиоз», проходивших лечение в НМИЦ ДТО им. Г.И. Турнера в период с 2012 по 2021 гг. Верификацию гетерозиготной делеции (области 16p11.2) проводили методом MQRT-PCR. Группа делеции составила 42 пациента, группа нормы — 145 пробандов. Клинические и  рентгенологические данные анализировали с целью выявления локализации, варианта и множественного характера аномалий, наличия сопутствующих пороков развития. Для обработки данных применяли методы описательной статистики и коэффициент взаимной сопряженности Пирсона.Результаты. Гетерозиготная делеция TBX6 выявлена у 22,4 % пациентов. Наиболее частой локализацией аномалий являлись грудной и поясничный отделы позвоночника, при этом вовлечение шейного отдела в группе делеции не зарегистрировано. Нарушение формирования позвонков оказалось наиболее частым типом аномалий в обеих группах исследования, но их доля была выше среди пациентов с TBX6‑делецией (50 % против 43,4 %). Множественные пороки развития позвоночника регистрировали чаще в группе с делецией (50 % против 35 %). Сопутствующие пороки внутренних органов у пациентов с делецией встречались реже (31 % против 43,4 %), тогда как синостозы рёбер и болезнь Шпренгелябыли более распространены.Обсуждение. TACS характеризуется специфическими проявлениями, включая множественные пороки развития позвоночника, преимущественно локализованные в грудном и поясничном отделах, а также синостозы ребер и болезнь Шпренгеля, что согласуется с данными научной литературы.Заключение. Полученные результаты подчёркивают необходимость включения генетического тестирования на TBX6-делецию в алгоритм диагностики врожденного сколиоза, что может способствовать раннему выявлению и персонализированному подходу к лечению данной категории пациентов. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Congenital scoliosis is a multifactorial disease caused by abnormalities in vertebral development during embryogenesis. The TBX6 gene, located at locus 16p11.2, plays a key role in  somitogenesis, and  the  heterozygous deletion is associated with the development of specific phenotypes of congenital scoliosis (TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis, TACS). Despite numerous studies on the role of  TBX6 in  the  pathogenesis of congenital scoliosis, there is a paucity of data on the phenotypic manifestationsof heterozygous 16p11.2 deletion.The objective was to identify and confirm the TACS phenotype being associated with 16p11.2 deletions in the Russian patients.Material and methods A single-center retrospective cohort study included 187 patients diagnosed with congenital scoliosis treated at the Turner National Medical Research Center for Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology between 2012 and 2021. Heterozygous deletion (16p11.2 region) were verified using MQRT‑PCR. The deletion group consisted of 42 patients, and the control group included 145 probands. Clinical and radiological findings were reviewed to identify localization, type and multiplicity of vertebral anomalies and associated malformations. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for data processing.Results Heterozygous deletion of TBX6 was detected in 22.4 % of patients. The thoracic and lumbar spine were common localizations, while involvement of the cervical spine was not identified in the deletion group. Vertebral malformations were the most common anomaly in both study groups, but their prevalence was higher among patients with TBX6 deletion (50 % vs. 43.4 %). Multiple spinal malformations were more common in the deletion group (50 % vs. 35 %). Associated internal organ defects were less common in patients with deletion (31 % vs. 43.4 %), while rib synostoses and Sprengel's disease were more common.Discussion TACS is characterized by specific manifestations including multiple vertebral malformations in the thoracic and lumbar spine, rib synostoses and Sprengel's disease, which is consistent with the scientific literature.Conclusion The findings indicate the need to include genetic testing for TBX6 deletion in the diagnostic algorithm for congenital scoliosis to facilitate early detection and a personalized approach to treatment of this cohort of patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>congenital scoliosis</kwd><kwd>TACS</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>врожденные деформации позвоночника</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>congenital scoliosis</kwd><kwd>TACS</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>congenital spinal deformities</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tikoo A, Kothari MK, Shah K, Nene A. Current Concepts - Congenital Scoliosis. Open Orthop J. 2017;11:337-345. doi: 10.2174/1874325001711010337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikoo A, Kothari MK, Shah K, Nene A. Current Concepts - Congenital Scoliosis. Open Orthop J. 2017;11:337-345. doi: 10.2174/1874325001711010337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mackel CE, Jada A, Samdani AF, et al. A comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of congenital scoliosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(11):2155-2171. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3915-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mackel CE, Jada A, Samdani AF, et al. A comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of congenital scoliosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(11):2155-2171. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3915-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ульрих Э. В., Мушкин А. Ю., Губин А. В. Врожденные деформации позвоночника у детей: прогноз эпидемиологии и тактика ведения. . 2009;(2):055-061. doi: 10.14531/ss2009.2.55-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulrikh EV, Mushkin AYu, Gubin AV. Congenital spine deformities in children: epidemiological prognosis and management. Russian Journal of Spine Surgery. 2009;(2):055-061. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14531/ss2009.2.55-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Redding G, Song K, Inscore S, et al. Lung function asymmetry in children with congenital and infantile scoliosis. Spine J. 2008;8(4):639‑644. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.04.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redding G, Song K, Inscore S, et al. Lung function asymmetry in children with congenital and infantile scoliosis. Spine J. 2008;8(4):639‑644. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2007.04.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rong T, Jiao Y, Huang Y, et al. Morphological analysis of isolated hemivertebra: radiographic manifestations related to the severity of congenital scoliosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):112. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07193-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rong T, Jiao Y, Huang Y, et al. Morphological analysis of isolated hemivertebra: radiographic manifestations related to the severity of congenital scoliosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):112. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07193-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виссарионов С.В., Кокушин Д.Н., Белянчиков С.М., Ефремов А.М. Хирургическое лечение детей с врожденной деформацией верхнегрудного отдела позвоночника. Хирургия позвоночника. 2011;(2):035-040. doi: 10.14531/ss2011.2.35-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vissarionov S.V., Kokushin D.N., Belyanchikov S.M., Efremov A.M. Surgical treatment of childrenwith congenital deformityof the upper thoracic spine. Russian Journal of Spine Surgery. 2011;(2):035-040. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14531/ss2011.2.35-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sparrow DB, Chapman G, Smith AJ, et al. A mechanism for gene-environment interaction in the etiology of congenital scoliosis. Cell. 2012;149(2):295-306. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sparrow DB, Chapman G, Smith AJ, et al. A mechanism for gene-environment interaction in the etiology of congenital scoliosis. Cell. 2012;149(2):295-306. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giampietro PF. Genetic aspects of congenital and idiopathic scoliosis. Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;2012:152365. doi: 10.6064/2012/152365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giampietro PF. Genetic aspects of congenital and idiopathic scoliosis. Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;2012:152365. doi: 10.6064/2012/152365.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pahys JM, Guille JT. What's New in Congenital Scoliosis? J Pediatr Orthop. 2018;38(3):e172-e179. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000922.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pahys JM, Guille JT. What's New in Congenital Scoliosis? J Pediatr Orthop. 2018;38(3):e172-e179. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naiche LA, Harrelson Z, Kelly RG, Papaioannou VE. T-box genes in vertebrate development. Annu Rev Genet. 2005;39:219-39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naiche LA, Harrelson Z, Kelly RG, Papaioannou VE. T-box genes in vertebrate development. Annu Rev Genet. 2005;39:219-39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105925.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veenvliet JV, Bolondi A, Kretzmer H, et al, Timmermann B, Meissner A, Herrmann BG. Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites. Science. 2020;370(6522):eaba4937. doi: 10.1126/science.aba4937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veenvliet JV, Bolondi A, Kretzmer H, et al, Timmermann B, Meissner A, Herrmann BG. Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites. Science. 2020;370(6522):eaba4937. doi: 10.1126/science.aba4937.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang W, Yao Z, Guo R, et al. Molecular identification of T-box transcription factor 6 and prognostic assessment in patients with congenital scoliosis: A single-center study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:941468. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.941468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang W, Yao Z, Guo R, et al. Molecular identification of T-box transcription factor 6 and prognostic assessment in patients with congenital scoliosis: A single-center study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:941468. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.941468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ren X, Yang N, Wu N, et al. Increased TBX6 gene dosages induce congenital cervical vertebral malformations in humans and mice. J Med Genet. 2020;57(6):371-379. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ren X, Yang N, Wu N, et al. Increased TBX6 gene dosages induce congenital cervical vertebral malformations in humans and mice. J Med Genet. 2020;57(6):371-379. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Y, Zhang L, Lv H, et al. Applying high-throughput sequencing to identify and evaluate foetal chromosomal deletion and duplication. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(17):9936-9944. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15593.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Y, Zhang L, Lv H, et al. Applying high-throughput sequencing to identify and evaluate foetal chromosomal deletion and duplication. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(17):9936-9944. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15593.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blaker-Lee A, Gupta S, McCammon J, et al. Zebrafish homologs of genes within 16p11.2, a genomic region associated with brain disorders, are active during brain development, and include two deletion dosage sensor genes. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5(6):834-851. doi: 10.1242/dmm.009944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blaker-Lee A, Gupta S, McCammon J, et al. Zebrafish homologs of genes within 16p11.2, a genomic region associated with brain disorders, are active during brain development, and include two deletion dosage sensor genes. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5(6):834-851. doi: 10.1242/dmm.009944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J, Wu N, Yang N, et al. TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis (TACS) as a clinically distinguishable subtype of congenital scoliosis: further evidence supporting the compound inheritance and TBX6 gene dosage model. Genet Med. 2019 Jul;21(7):1548-1558. doi: 10.1038/s41436-018-0377-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J, Wu N, Yang N, et al. TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis (TACS) as a clinically distinguishable subtype of congenital scoliosis: further evidence supporting the compound inheritance and TBX6 gene dosage model. Genet Med. 2019 Jul;21(7):1548-1558. doi: 10.1038/s41436-018-0377-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu N, Giampietro P, Takeda K. The genetics contributing to disorders involving congenital scoliosis. In: Kusumi K, Dunwoodie S, (eds). The Genetics and Development of Scoliosis. Springer, Cham; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90149-7_4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu N, Giampietro P, Takeda K. The genetics contributing to disorders involving congenital scoliosis. In: Kusumi K, Dunwoodie S, (eds). The Genetics and Development of Scoliosis. Springer, Cham; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319‑90149‑7_4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Z, Yan Z, Yu C, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of using the TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis risk score (TACScore) in genetic diagnosis of congenital scoliosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020;15(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01537-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Z, Yan Z, Yu C, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of using the TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis risk score (TACScore) in genetic diagnosis of congenital scoliosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020;15(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01537-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Kateb H, Khanna G, Filges I, et al. S Scoliosis and vertebral anomalies: additional abnormal phenotypes associated with chromosome 16p11.2 rearrangement. Am J Med Genet A. 2014;164A(5):1118-1126. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Kateb H, Khanna G, Filges I, et al. S Scoliosis and vertebral anomalies: additional abnormal phenotypes associated with chromosome 16p11.2 rearrangement. Am J Med Genet A. 2014;164A(5):1118-1126. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Errichiello E, Arossa A, Iasci A, et al. An additional piece in the TBX6 gene dosage model: A novel nonsense variant in a fetus with severe spondylocostal dysostosis. Clin Genet. 2020;98(6):628-629. doi: 10.1111/cge.13854.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Errichiello E, Arossa A, Iasci A, et al. An additional piece in the TBX6 gene dosage model: A novel nonsense variant in a fetus with severe spondylocostal dysostosis. Clin Genet. 2020;98(6):628-629. doi: 10.1111/cge.13854.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lefebvre M, Duffourd Y, Jouan T, et al. Autosomal recessive variations of TBX6, from congenital scoliosis to spondylocostal dysostosis. Clin Genet. 2017;91(6):908-912. doi: 10.1111/cge.12918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefebvre M, Duffourd Y, Jouan T, et al. Autosomal recessive variations of TBX6, from congenital scoliosis to spondylocostal dysostosis. Clin Genet. 2017;91(6):908-912. doi: 10.1111/cge.12918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White PH, Farkas DR, McFadden EE, Chapman DL. Defective somite patterning in mouse embryos with reduced levels of Tbx6. Development. 2003;130(8):1681-1690. doi: 10.1242/dev.00367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White PH, Farkas DR, McFadden EE, Chapman DL. Defective somite patterning in mouse embryos with reduced levels of Tbx6. Development. 2003;130(8):1681-1690. doi: 10.1242/dev.00367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J, Chen W, Yuan D, et al. Progress and perspective of TBX6 gene in congenital vertebral malformations. Oncotarget. 2016;7(35):57430‑57441. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.10619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J, Chen W, Yuan D, et al. Progress and perspective of TBX6 gene in congenital vertebral malformations. Oncotarget. 2016;7(35):57430‑57441. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.10619.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang N, Wu N, Zhang L, et al. TBX6 compound inheritance leads to congenital vertebral malformations in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(4):539-547. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddy358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang N, Wu N, Zhang L, et al. TBX6 compound inheritance leads to congenital vertebral malformations in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(4):539-547. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddy358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu N, Ming X, Xiao J, et al. TBX6 null variants and a common hypomorphic allele in congenital scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):341‑50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406829.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu N, Ming X, Xiao J, et al. TBX6 null variants and a common hypomorphic allele in congenital scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):341‑50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406829.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng X, Cheung JPY, Je JSH, et al. Genetic variants of TBX6 and TBXT identified in patients with congenital scoliosis in Southern China. J Orthop Res. 2021;39(5):971-988. doi: 10.1002/jor.24805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng X, Cheung JPY, Je JSH, et al. Genetic variants of TBX6 and TBXT identified in patients with congenital scoliosis in Southern China. J Orthop Res. 2021;39(5):971-988. doi: 10.1002/jor.24805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao S, Zhang Y, Chen W, et al. Diagnostic yield and clinical impact of exome sequencing in early-onset scoliosis (EOS). J Med Genet. 2021;58(1):41-47. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106823.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao S, Zhang Y, Chen W, et al. Diagnostic yield and clinical impact of exome sequencing in early-onset scoliosis (EOS). J Med Genet. 2021;58(1):41-47. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106823.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powel JE, Sham CE, Spiliopoulos M, et al. Genetics of non-isolated hemivertebra: A systematic review of fetal, neonatal, and infant cases. Clin Genet. 2022;102(4):262-287. doi: 10.1111/cge.14188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powel JE, Sham CE, Spiliopoulos M, et al. Genetics of non-isolated hemivertebra: A systematic review of fetal, neonatal, and infant cases. Clin Genet. 2022;102(4):262-287. doi: 10.1111/cge.14188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otomo N, Takeda K, Kawai S, et al. Bi-allelic loss of function variants of TBX6 causes a spectrum of malformation of spine and rib including congenital scoliosis and spondylocostal dysostosis. J Med Genet. 2019;56(9):622-628. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otomo N, Takeda K, Kawai S, et al. Bi-allelic loss of function variants of TBX6 causes a spectrum of malformation of spine and rib including congenital scoliosis and spondylocostal dysostosis. J Med Genet. 2019;56(9):622-628. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105920.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panigrahi I, Angurana SK, Varma H, et al. Phenotypic heterogeneity of kyphoscoliosis with vertebral and rib defects: a case series. Clin Dysmorphol. 2019;28(3):103-113. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panigrahi I, Angurana SK, Varma H, et al. Phenotypic heterogeneity of kyphoscoliosis with vertebral and rib defects: a case series. Clin Dysmorphol. 2019;28(3):103-113. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, et al. Mutational burden and potential oligogenic model of TBX6-mediated genes in congenital scoliosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2020;8(10):e1453. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, et al. Mutational burden and potential oligogenic model of TBX6-mediated genes in congenital scoliosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2020;8(10):e1453. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
