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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2025-31-1-28-41</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-3160</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение композитных скаффолдов на основе стеклоуглерода  в инженерии костной ткани</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Possible application of glassy carbon composite scaffolds  in bone tissue engineering</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4162-1196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимощук</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timoshchuk</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Игоревна Тимощук — кандидат технических наук, начальник управления конструкционных материалов</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena I. Timoshchuk — PhD in Engineering, Head of Structural Materials Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">EITimoschuk@rosatom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4886-1436</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарева</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomareva</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дарья Владимировна Пономарева — заместитель начальника управления — начальник отдела конструкционных графитов</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Darya V. Ponomareva — Deputy Head of Department — Head of Structural Graphite Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">DVPonomareva@rosatom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-8456</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гареев</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gareev</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артур Радикович Гареев — кандидат технических наук, заместитель директора по науке и инновациям</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artur R. Gareev — PhD in Engineering, Deputy Director for Science and Innovation</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ARGareev@rosatom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт конструкционных материалов на основе графита «НИИграфит»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Structural Materials Based on Graphite "NIIgrafit"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тимощук Е.И., Пономарева Д.В., Гареев А.Р., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тимощук Е.И., Пономарева Д.В., Гареев А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Timoshchuk E.I., Ponomareva D.V., Gareev A.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3160">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/3160</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Восстановление костных дефектов остаётся одной из острых проблем регенеративной медицины, для решения которой наиболее перспективным является использование тканево‑инженерных конструкций на основе композитных скаффолдов, стимулирующих остеогенез. Одна из  основных задач тканевой инженерии — разработка скаффолда, имитирующего трехмерную архитектуру, для  остеогенных прогениторных клеток внутри скаффолда с возможностью взаимодействия клеток с химическими и физическими стимулами естественной кости.</p><p>Цель работы — оценить возможность применения композитных скаффолдов на основе стеклоуглерода в тканевой инженерии.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В данном исследовании описан воспроизводимый метод получения трехмерных пористых скаффолдов на основе стеклоуглерода с поверхностями, модифицированными пироуглеродом (CF-C) и пироуглеродом с гидроксиапатитом (СF-C-HAP), и исследованы пористость, прочностные характеристики, цитотоксичность, остеоиндуктивность полученных композитных скаффолдов. Остеогенную дифференциацию культивируемых мезенхимальных стволовых клеток  (МСК) человека оценивали на скаффолдах CF-C и CF-C-HAP с использованием общих остеогенных маркеров, таких как активность щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ), окрашивание ализарином красным и количественной ПЦР в реальном времени (qPCR).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Исследования in vitro показали биосовместимость разработанных скаффолдов. Установлена способность CF-C-HAP индуцировать дифференцировку МСК в остеогенном направлении и продуцировать кальцийсодержащий матрикс.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Получаемые на основе стеклоуглеродной пены скаффолды с покрытиями пироуглеродом и гидроксиапатитом обладают трехмерной структурой с открытой пористостью, прочностью, сопоставимой с прочностью замещаемой ткани, и имитируют структуру трабекулярной кости. При этом прочность стеклоуглеродной пены без покрытий отличается низкими значениями предела прочности при сжатии. Для всех исследуемых материалов установлено наличие адгезионной и пролиферативной активности МСК, высокой клеточной адгезии и отсутствие цитотоксичности. Определение уровня экспрессии мРНК методом ПЦР в реальном времени показало, что у клеток, культивированных на CS‑C‑HAP, через 14 сут. наблюдается экспрессия генов VDR, BMP7, IGFR1, SPP1, что демонстрирует остеогенный потенциал. Результаты наших исследований по изучению активности фосфатазы и  окрашивания ализариновым красным продемонстрировали, что скаффолд CF-C-HAP стимулирует дифференцировку остеобластов in vitro в остеогенном направлении, а также процессы внутриклеточной минерализации.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Композитные скаффолды CF-C-HAP на основе стеклоуглеродной пены поддерживают пролиферацию и дифференциацию клеток и могут быть перспективными для использования в инженерии костной ткани.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Bone defect management remains one of the challenging problems of regenerative medicine, for the solution of which the most promising trend is the use of tissue-engineered implants based on composite scaffolds that stimulate osteogenesis. One of the main tasks of tissue engineering is the development of a scaffold that mimics three-dimensional architecture for osteogenic progenitor cells inside the scaffold, with the possibility of cell interaction with appropriate chemical and physical stimuli of natural bone.</p><p>The purpose of the work is to evaluate the possibility of using composite scaffolds based on glassy carbon in tissue engineering.</p><p>Materials and Methods This study describes a reproducible method of obtaining three-dimensional porous glass-carbon-based scaffolds with surfaces modified with pyrocarbon (CF-C) and pyrocarbon and hydroxyapatite (CF-C-HAP) and investigates the porosity, strength characteristics, cytotoxicity, and osteoinductivity of the composite scaffolds obtained. Osteogenic differentiation of cultured human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated on CF-C and CF-C-HAP scaffolds using common osteogenic markers such as: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).</p><p>Results In vitro studies showed the biocompatibility of the developed scaffolds. The ability of CF-C-HAP to  induce MSC differentiation in osteogenic direction and to produce calcium-containing matrix was established.</p><p>Discussion The scaffolds based on glassy carbon foam with pyrocarbon and hydroxyapatite coatings have a  three-dimensional structure with open porosity, along with the strength comparable to the strength of the replaced tissue, and imitate the structure of trabecular bone. However, the strength of glassy carbon foam without coating is characterized by low compressive strength. All the studied materials demonstrated adhesive and proliferative activity of MSCs, high cell adhesion and absence of cytotoxicity. Determination of  the  mRNA expression level by real-time PCR showed that after 14 days, cells cultured on  CS-C-HAP showed expression of the VDR, BMP7, IGFR1, SPP1 genes, what demonstrates osteogenic potential. The results of our studies on phosphatase activity and alizarin red staining demonstrated that the CF-C‑HAP scaffold stimulates osteoblast differentiation in vitro in the osteogenic direction, as well as intracellular mineralization processes.</p><p>Conclusion Composite CF-C-HAP scaffolds based on glassy carbon foam support cell proliferation and differentiation and may be promising for use in bone tissue engineering.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>скаффолд</kwd><kwd>стеклоуглерод</kwd><kwd>гидроксиапатит</kwd><kwd>остеогенез</kwd><kwd>мезенхимальные стромальные клетки</kwd><kwd>восстановление костной ткани</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>scaffold</kwd><kwd>glassy carbon</kwd><kwd>hydroxyapatite</kwd><kwd>osteogenesis</kwd><kwd>mesenchymal stromal cells</kwd><kwd>bone tissue  engineering</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств ГК «Росатом».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was sponsored by the State Corporation Rosatom</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садовой М.А., Ларионов П.М., Самохин А.Г., Рожнова О.М. 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