<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-1-67-75</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">VIJHBH</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-2932</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнение различных методик определения «костного возраста» по рентгенограммам кисти у пациентов с активными зонами роста с антеромедиальной нестабильностью коленного сустава</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparison of bone age assessment methods using a hand radiography in patients with active growth plate and anteromedial knee instability</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6352-2784</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Ia. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Ярослав Александрович – кандидат медицинских наук, врач травматолог-ортопед.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Iaroslav A. Ivanov – Candidate of Medical Sciences, surgeon.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">docyaroslav@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9490-6932</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мининков</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mininkov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мининков Дмитрий Сергеевич – кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Mininkov – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">45040311@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-3557</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гущина</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gushchina</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гущина Дарья Александровна – аспирант.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria A. Gushchina – graduate student.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Gushchina-DA@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-9493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ельцин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yeltsin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ельцин Александр Геннадьевич – кандидат медицинских наук, врач травматолог-ортопед.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander G. Yeltsin – Candidate of Medical Sciences, surgeon, traumatologist-orthopedist.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">agyeltsin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics named after N.N. Priorova</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов Я.А., Мининков Д.С., Гущина Д.А., Ельцин А.Г., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Я.А., Мининков Д.С., Гущина Д.А., Ельцин А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov I.A., Mininkov D.S., Gushchina D.A., Yeltsin A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2932">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2932</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. При оперативном лечении у пациентов детского возраста с активными зонами роста с антеромедиальной нестабильностью одним из важных пунктов обследования является определение «костного возраста». Это позволяет специалисту выбрать оптимальную тактику лечения и минимизировать постоперационные осложнения. Однако многим не известны различные инструменты определения костного возраста, включающие как классические методики, так и возможности использования современных методов на основе машинного обучения.</p><p>Цель работы – показать и сравнить различные способы расчета костного возраста для определения дальнейшей тактики оперативного лечения пациентов с антеромедиальной нестабильностью коленного сустава.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Оперативное лечение в объеме пластики передней крестообразной связки (ПКС) по методике all-inside выполнено 20-ти пациентам. Всем пациентам выполнялась рентгенография кисти, по данным которой рассчитывался костный возраст пациента. Использовалась методика «сравнения» Таннера – Уайтхауса и метод оценки костного возраста по атласу Грейлиха – Пайля. Помимо использования стандартных схем определения костного возраста также проводилось определение при помощи программ на основе машинного обучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По результатам исследования в среднем в группе из 20 человек у пациентов с костным возрастом, обгоняющим паспортный, разница составила 21 месяц (80 %), а у пациентов с отстающим костным возрастом разница составила 18 месяцев (20 %).</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Данные, полученные в результате исследования, показывают разницу между хронологическим и костным возрастом. Такие исследования достаточно часто можно встретить в научных статьях по эндокринологии и педиатрии. По специальности «травматология и ортопедия» научных исследований о применении этих методов нет.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. При планировании оперативного лечения пациентов с открытыми зонами роста необходимо проводить оценку костного возраста, а также прогнозируемого и целевого роста.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background Bone age is essential for pediatric patients with active growth zones and anteromedial instability to facilitate optimal treatment strategy and minimize postoperative complications. However, many people are unaware of various tools for determining bone age, including classical methods and modern machine learning techniques.</p><p>The objective was to show and compare different methods for calculating bone age and determining surgical strategy for patients with anteromedial instability of the knee joint.</p><p>Material and methods All-Inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed for 20 patients. Wrist radiographs were performed for bone age assessment using the "point scoring system" of Tanner and Whitehouse and the "atlas matching" method of Greulich and Pyle. Machine learning programs were used in addition to standard bone age assessments.</p><p>Results The findings showed an average difference of 21 months (80 %) in a group of 20 individuals with bone age ahead of the passport age and an average difference of 18 months (20 %) in patients with retarded bone age.</p><p>Discussion The findings showed the difference between chronological and bone age and could be encountered in scientific articles on endocrinology and pediatrics. No scientific studies on the use of the methods could be found in the specialty “trauma and orthopaedics”.</p><p>Conclusion Bone age assessment, prediction of children's target height are essential for surgical treatment of patients with open growth plates.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>костный возраст</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>all-inside</kwd><kwd>пластика ПКС</kwd><kwd>активные зоны роста</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone age</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>all-inside</kwd><kwd>ACL reconstruction</kwd><kwd>active growth plate</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Я.А., Ельцин АГ., Мининков Д.С. Повреждение передней крестообразной связки у детей и подростков. Современные тенденции и исследования. Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2021;28(1):89-107. doi: 10.17816/vto51034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Иванов Я.А., Ельцин АГ., Мининков Д.С. Повреждение передней крестообразной связки у детей и подростков. Современные тенденции и исследования. Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2021;28(1):89-107. doi: 10.17816/vto51034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюрин К.А., Захарченко А.Е. Правила техники безопасности в процессе занятий физическими упражнениями. Профилактика травматизма и оказание доврачебной помощи. Тенденции развития науки и образования. 2020;(67-3):145-150. doi: 10.18411/lj-11-2020-123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тюрин К.А., Захарченко А.Е. Правила техники безопасности в процессе занятий физическими упражнениями. Профилактика травматизма и оказание доврачебной помощи. Тенденции развития науки и образования. 2020;(67-3):145-150. doi: 10.18411/lj-11-2020-123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колунин Е.Т., Прокопьев Н.Я. Баранхин, О.В. Профилактика детского травматизма на занятиях физической культурой и спортом. Современные проблемы физической культуры и спорта: материалы ХXIV Всероссийской научно-практической конференции. Под ред. Е.А. Ветошкиной. Хабаровск: Дальневосточная государственная академия физической культуры; 2020:140-145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Колунин Е.Т., Прокопьев Н.Я. Баранхин, О.В. Профилактика детского травматизма на занятиях физической культурой и спортом. Современные проблемы физической культуры и спорта: материалы ХXIV Всероссийской научно-практической конференции. Под ред. Е.А. Ветошкиной. Хабаровск: Дальневосточная государственная академия физической культуры; 2020:140-145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milewski MD, Beck NA, Lawrence JT, Ganley TJ. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young athlete: a treatment algorithm for the skeletally immature. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(4):801-10. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.08.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milewski MD, Beck NA, Lawrence JT, Ganley TJ. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young athlete: a treatment algorithm for the skeletally immature. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(4):801-10. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.08.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoo WJ, Kocher MS, Micheli LJ. Growth plate disturbance after transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature adolescent patients: an MR imaging study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31(6):691-6. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3182210952</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoo WJ, Kocher MS, Micheli LJ. Growth plate disturbance after transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature adolescent patients: an MR imaging study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31(6):691-6. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3182210952</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Петеркова В.А., Семичева Т.В. и др. Детская эндокринология. Руководство по детской эндокринологии. М.: Универсум Паблишинг; 2006:600.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дедов И.И., Петеркова В.А., Семичева Т.В. и др. Детская эндокринология. Руководство по детской эндокринологии. М.: Универсум Паблишинг; 2006:600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. A note on the bone age at which patients with true isolated growth hormone deficiency enter puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;41(4):788-790. doi: 10.1210/jcem-41-4-788</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. A note on the bone age at which patients with true isolated growth hormone deficiency enter puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;41(4):788-790. doi: 10.1210/jcem-41-4-788</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iannaccone, G. (1959). W. W. Greulich and S. I. Pyle: Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd edition. I volume-atlante di 256 pagine. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1959. Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae: Twin Research. 8(4):513-513. doi: 10.1017/S1120962300018680</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iannaccone, G. (1959). W. W. Greulich and S. I. Pyle: Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd edition. I volume-atlante di 256 pagine. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1959. Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae: Twin Research. 8(4):513-513. doi: 10.1017/S1120962300018680</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thodberg HH, Kreiborg S, Juul A, Pedersen KD. The BoneXpert method for automated determination of skeletal maturity. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009;28(1):52-66. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2008.926067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thodberg HH, Kreiborg S, Juul A, Pedersen KD. The BoneXpert method for automated determination of skeletal maturity. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009;28(1):52-66. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2008.926067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косик И.И., Кабак С.Л., Карапетян Г.М. и др. Определение костного возраста с использованием искусственного интеллекта. БГМУ в авангарде медицинской науки и практики: рецензируемый ежегодный сборник научных трудов. Минск: Белорусский государственный медицинский университет; 2020:154-165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Косик И.И., Кабак С.Л., Карапетян Г.М. и др. Определение костного возраста с использованием искусственного интеллекта. БГМУ в авангарде медицинской науки и практики: рецензируемый ежегодный сборник научных трудов. Минск: Белорусский государственный медицинский университет; 2020:154-165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косик И.И, Недзьведь А.М, Карапетян Г.М. Комбинированный алгоритм определения костного возраста на основе анализа рентгенограмм кисти. Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. Математика. Информатика. 2020;(2):105-114. doi: 10.33581/2520-6508-2020-2-105-114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Косик И.И, Недзьведь А.М, Карапетян Г.М. Комбинированный алгоритм определения костного возраста на основе анализа рентгенограмм кисти. Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. Математика. Информатика. 2020;(2):105-114. doi: 10.33581/2520-6508-2020-2-105-114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thodberg HH. Automatic determination of skeletal maturity using appearance models Proc. ESPE/LWPES 7th Joint Meeting. Hormone Res. 2005;64(Suppl. 1). doi: 10.1159/000088318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thodberg HH. Automatic determination of skeletal maturity using appearance models Proc. ESPE/LWPES 7th Joint Meeting. Hormone Res. 2005;64(Suppl. 1). doi: 10.1159/000088318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Я.А., Ельцин А.Г., Мининков Д.С. Валидация и культурная адаптация шкалы KOOS-Child. Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. НН Приорова. 2021;28(1):53-64. doi: 10.17816/vto60489</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Иванов Я.А., Ельцин А.Г., Мининков Д.С. Валидация и культурная адаптация шкалы KOOS-Child. Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. НН Приорова. 2021;28(1):53-64. doi: 10.17816/vto60489</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Örtqvist M, Roos EM, Broström EW, et al. Development of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for children (KOOS-Child): comprehensibility and content validity. Acta Orthop. 2012;83(6):666-73. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2012.747921</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Örtqvist M, Roos EM, Broström EW, et al. Development of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for children (KOOS-Child): comprehensibility and content validity. Acta Orthop. 2012;83(6):666-73. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2012.747921</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kocher MS, Smith JT, Iversen MD, et al D. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a modified International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (Pedi-IKDC) in children with knee disorders. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(5):933-9. doi: 10.1177/0363546510383002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kocher MS, Smith JT, Iversen MD, et al D. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a modified International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (Pedi-IKDC) in children with knee disorders. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(5):933-9. doi: 10.1177/0363546510383002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Di Maio S, Bedair S. Are the new automated methods for bone age estimation advantageous over the manual approaches? Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2014;12(2):200-205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Di Maio S, Bedair S. Are the new automated methods for bone age estimation advantageous over the manual approaches? Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2014;12(2):200-205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manzoor Mughal A, Hassan N, Ahmed A. Bone age assessment methods: a critical review. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30(1):211-215. doi: 10.12669/pjms.301.4295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manzoor Mughal A, Hassan N, Ahmed A. Bone age assessment methods: a critical review. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30(1):211-215. doi: 10.12669/pjms.301.4295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim JR, Shim WH, Yoon HM, et al. Computerized Bone Age Estimation Using Deep Learning Based Program: Evaluation of the Accuracy and Efficiency. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(6):1374-1380. doi: 10.2214/AJR.17.18224</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JR, Shim WH, Yoon HM, et al. Computerized Bone Age Estimation Using Deep Learning Based Program: Evaluation of the Accuracy and Efficiency. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(6):1374-1380. doi: 10.2214/AJR.17.18224</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yildiz M, Guvenis A, Guven E, Talat D, Haktan M. Implementation and statistical evaluation of a web-based software for bone age assessment. J Med Syst. 2011;35(6):1485-9. doi: 10.1007/s10916-009-9425-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yildiz M, Guvenis A, Guven E, Talat D, Haktan M. Implementation and statistical evaluation of a web-based software for bone age assessment. J Med Syst. 2011;35(6):1485-9. doi: 10.1007/s10916-009-9425-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halabi SS, Prevedello LM, Kalpathy-Cramer J, et al. The RSNA Pediatric Bone Age Machine Learning Challenge. Radiology. 2019;290(2):498-503. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018180736</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halabi SS, Prevedello LM, Kalpathy-Cramer J, et al. The RSNA Pediatric Bone Age Machine Learning Challenge. Radiology. 2019;290(2):498-503. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018180736</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Booz C, Yel I, Wichmann JL, Boettger S, et al. Artificial intelligence in bone age assessment: accuracy and efficiency of a novel fully automated algorithm compared to the Greulich-Pyle method. Eur Radiol Exp. 2020;4(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s41747-019-0139-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Booz C, Yel I, Wichmann JL, Boettger S, et al. Artificial intelligence in bone age assessment: accuracy and efficiency of a novel fully automated algorithm compared to the Greulich-Pyle method. Eur Radiol Exp. 2020;4(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s41747-019-0139-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee H, Tajmir S, Lee J, et al. Fully Automated Deep Learning System for Bone Age Assessment. J Digit Imaging. 2017;30(4):427-441. doi: 10.1007/s10278-017-9955-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee H, Tajmir S, Lee J, et al. Fully Automated Deep Learning System for Bone Age Assessment. J Digit Imaging. 2017;30(4):427-441. doi: 10.1007/s10278-017-9955-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadeem MW, Goh HG, Ali A, et al. Bone Age Assessment Empowered with Deep Learning: A Survey, Open Research Challenges and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(10):781. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10100781</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadeem MW, Goh HG, Ali A, et al. Bone Age Assessment Empowered with Deep Learning: A Survey, Open Research Challenges and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(10):781. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10100781</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iglovikov VI, Rakhlin A, Kalinin AA, Shvets AA. Paediatric Bone Age Assessment Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. In: Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis and Multimodal Learning for Clinical Decision Support. DLMIA ML-CDS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Cham.; 2018;11045. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-00889-5_34</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iglovikov VI, Rakhlin A, Kalinin AA, Shvets AA. Paediatric Bone Age Assessment Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. In: Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis and Multimodal Learning for Clinical Decision Support. DLMIA ML-CDS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Cham.; 2018;11045. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-00889-5_34</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen QH, Nguyen BP, Nguyen MT, et al. Bone age assessment and sex determination using transfer learning. Expert Systems with Applications. 2022;200:116926. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen QH, Nguyen BP, Nguyen MT, et al. Bone age assessment and sex determination using transfer learning. Expert Systems with Applications. 2022;200:116926. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lea WW, Hong SJ, Nam HK, et al. External validation of deep learning-based bone-age software: a preliminary study with real world data. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05282-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lea WW, Hong SJ, Nam HK, et al. External validation of deep learning-based bone-age software: a preliminary study with real world data. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05282-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Zhou B, Gong P, et al. Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Bone Age Assessment to Improve the Accuracy and Consistency of Physicians With Different Levels of Experience. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:818061. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.818061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X, Zhou B, Gong P, et al. Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Bone Age Assessment to Improve the Accuracy and Consistency of Physicians With Different Levels of Experience. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:818061. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.818061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo L, Wang J, Teng J, Chen Y. Bone age assessment based on deep convolutional features and fast extreme learning machine algorithm. Front Energy Res. 2022;9: 813650. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.813650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo L, Wang J, Teng J, Chen Y. Bone age assessment based on deep convolutional features and fast extreme learning machine algorithm. Front Energy Res. 2022;9: 813650. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.813650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Son S.J., Song Y., Kim N., et al. TW3-based fully automated bone age assessment system using deep neural networks. IEEE Access. 2019;7:33346-33358. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Son S.J., Song Y., Kim N., et al. TW3-based fully automated bone age assessment system using deep neural networks. IEEE Access. 2019;7:33346-33358. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Huang Z, Dong X, et al. Forensic age estimation for pelvic X-ray images using deep learning. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(5):2322-2329. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5791-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Huang Z, Dong X, et al. Forensic age estimation for pelvic X-ray images using deep learning. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(5):2322-2329. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5791-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
