<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-1-128-131</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-2612</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможности применения обратной ходьбы при патологии коленного сустава (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Possibilities with backward walking for knee pathology (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клеменов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klemenov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Клеменов Алексей Викторович, д. м. н.,</p><p>г. Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey V. Klemenov, M.D., Ph.D.,</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">klemenov_av@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное бюджетное учреждение Нижегородской области «Городская клиническая больница № 30»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 30</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>№ 1 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>131</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Клеменов А.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Клеменов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klemenov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2612">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2612</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В последнее время в медицине все шире используется обратная ходьба. Изучение кинетики и кинематики обратной ходьбы показало ряд ее преимуществ перед обычным способом передвижения, которые могут быть с успехом использованы для реабилитации больных с патологией коленного сустава. Обратная ходьба сопряжена с меньшей нагрузкой на коленные суставы и является одним из немногих естественных способов укрепления четырехглавой мышцы бедра. При одинаковых параметрах физической активности обратная ходьба приводит к более существенной нагрузке на сердечнососудистую и дыхательную системы и более значительному повышению как аэробных, так и анаэробных возможностей организма.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. С целью обобщения имеющихся сведений о возможностях применения обратной ходьбы в лечении и реабилитации больных с патологией коленного сустава проведен систематический поиск литературных источников по англоязычным (Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) и русскоязычным (eLIBRARY, CyberLeninka) базам данных за период по февраль 2020 года включительно. Поиск проводился с использованием ключевых слов «backward walking/running», «knee joint», «обратная/реверсивная ходьба/бег», «ходьба спиной вперед», «коленный сустав».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. К настоящему времени проведен ряд исследований, посвященных изучению эффективности обратной ходьбы при остеоартрите коленных суставов. Получены убедительные свидетельства того, что добавление обратной ходьбы к традиционному физиотерапевтическому лечению вносит дополнительный вклад в уменьшение боли, улучшение функциональной способности коленного сустава и увеличение силы четырехглавой мышцы бедра. В единичных исследованиях оцениваются возможности применения обратной ходьбы при пателлофеморальном болевом синдроме и повреждении передней крестообразной связки.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Несмотря на то, что возможности обратной ходьбы нуждаются в дальнейшем изучении, уже сейчас можно с оптимизмом расценивать реабилитационный потенциал этого вида физической активности при патологии коленного сустава. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Recently backward/retro walking has been increasingly used in medicine. Kinetic and kinematic analysis during backward walking showed advantages over traditional ambulation making it ideal for those who struggle with knee pain. Retro walking is well known for reducing the strain on the knees and it is one of the few natural ways to strengthen the quadriceps of the thigh. Walking backwards leads to a more significant load on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This load builds a more substantial increase in both the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities than just walking forward with similar parameters of physical activity.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A systematic search of studies published during the period up to February 2020 was conducted using bibliographic databases in English, including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and in Russian, including eLIBRARY, CyberLeninka to summarize the available information on the possibilities of retro walking in treatment and rehabilitation of patients with knee pathology. Search terms included 'backward/retro walking/running', 'knee joint'.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Several studies have been performed to explore the effectiveness of backward walking for knee osteoarthritis. There is a strong evidence that backward walking can be a useful adjunct to conventional physiotherapy to improve pain, knee function and strength of the quadriceps muscles. There is a limited number of papers describing effects of backward walking for patellofemoral pain syndrome and anterior cruciate ligament injury.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Although there is little data overall reporting effects of backward walking, and more studies are needed to further explore this topic this version of walking has been shown to provide great beneficial effects in knee joint rehabilitation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обратная ходьба</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd><kwd>коленный сустав</kwd><kwd>передняя крестообразная связка</kwd><kwd>остеоартрит</kwd><kwd>пателлофеморальный болевой синдром</kwd><kwd>обзор литературы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>backward walking</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>knee joint</kwd><kwd>anterior cruciate ligament</kwd><kwd>osteoarthritis</kwd><kwd>patellofemoral pain syndrome</kwd><kwd>literature review</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelley G.A., Kelley K.S., Callahan L.F. Aerobic Exercise and Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis Participants: A Meta-Analysis Using the Minimal Important Difference Approach // Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken). 2018. Vol. 70, No 12. P. 1735-1739. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23570</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelley G.A., Kelley K.S., Callahan L.F. Aerobic Exercise and Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis Participants: A Meta-Analysis Using the Minimal Important Difference Approach. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken), 2018, vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 1735-1739. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23570</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews / L.J. Geneen, R.A. Moore, C. Clarke, D. Martin, L.A. Colvin, B.H. Smith // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017. Vol. 4, No 4. P. CD011279. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geneen L.J., Moore R.A., Clarke C., Martin D., Colvin L.A., Smith B.H. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. CD011279. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Relative efficacy of different exercises for pain, function, performance and quality of life in knee and hip osteoarthritis: systematic review and network meta-analysis / S.L. Goh, M.S.M. Persson, J. Stocks, Y. Hou, N.J. Welton, J. Lin, M.C. Hall, M. Doherty, W. Zhang // Sports Med. 2019. Vol. 49, No 5. P. 743-761. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-19-01082-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goh S.L., Persson M.S.M., Stocks J., Hou Y., Welton N.J., Lin J., Hall M.C., Doherty M., Zhang W. Relative efficacy of different exercises for pain, function, performance and quality of life in knee and hip osteoarthritis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sports Med., 2019, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 743-761. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-19-01082-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efficacy of strengthening or aerobic exercise on pain relief in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials// R. Tanaka,J. Ozawa, N. Kito, H. Moriyama // Clin. Rehabil. 2013. Vol. 27, No 12. P. 1059-1071. DOI: 10.1177/0269215513488898</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka R., Ozawa J., Kito N., Moriyama H. Efficacy of strengthening or aerobic exercise on pain relief in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Rehabil., 2013, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1059-1071. DOI: 10.1177/0269215513488898</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The effectiveness of incidental physical activity interventions compared to other interventions in the management of people with low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials // H. Alzahrani, M. Mackey, E. Stamatakis, M.B. Pinheiro, M. Wicks, D. Shirley // Phys. Ther. Sport. 2019. Vol. 36. P. 34-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.12.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alzahrani H., Mackey M., Stamatakis E., Pinheiro M.B., Wicks M., Shirley D. The effectiveness of incidental physical activity interventions compared to other interventions in the management of people with low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Phys. Ther. Sport., 2019, vol. 36, pp. 34-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.12.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Physical activity and autoimmune diseases: Get moving and manage the disease / K. Sharif, A. Watad, N.L. Bragazzi, M. Lichtbroun, H. Amital, Y. Shoenfeld // Autoimmun. Rev. 2018. Vol. 17, No 1. P. 53-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharif K., Watad A., Bragazzi N.L., Lichtbroun M., Amital H., Shoenfeld Y. Physical activity and autoimmune diseases: Get moving and manage the disease. Autoimmun. Rev., 2018, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 53-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The effect of backward locomotion training on the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of young women / E. Terblanche, C. Page, J. Kroff, R.E. Venter // Int. J. Sports Med. 2005. Vol. 26, No 3. P. 214-219. DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-820997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terblanche E., Page C., Kroff J., Venter R.E. The effect of backward locomotion training on the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of young women. Int. J. Sports Med., 2005, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 214-219. DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-820997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas K.S., Hammond M., Magal M. Graded forward and backward walking at a matched intensity on cardiorespiratory responses and postural control // Gait Posture. 2018. Vol. 65. P. 20-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas K.S., Hammond M., Magal M. Graded forward and backward walking at a matched intensity on cardiorespiratory responses and postural control. Gait Posture, 2018, vol. 65, pp. 20-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoogkamer W., Meyns P., Duysens J. Steps forward in understanding backward gait: from basic circuits to rehabilitation // Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2014. Vol. 42, No 1. P. 23-29. DOI: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoogkamer W., Meyns P., Duysens J. Steps forward in understanding backward gait: from basic circuits to rehabilitation. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., 2014, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 23-29. DOI: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effect of forward and backward locomotion training on anaerobic performance and anthropometrical composition / S.J. Kachanathu, A.M. Alenazi, A.D. Algarni, A.R. Hafez, U.A. Hameed, S. Nuhmani, G. Melam // J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2014. Vol. 26, No 12. P.1879-1882. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1879</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachanathu S.J., Alenazi A.M., Algarni A.D., Hafez A.R., Hameed U.A., Nuhmani S., Melam G. Effect of forward and backward locomotion training on anaerobic performance and anthropometrical composition. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 2014, vol. 26, no. 12, pp.1879-1882. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1879</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roos P.E., Barton N., van Deursen R.W. Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running // J. Biomech. 2012. Vol. 45, No 9. P. 1656-1660. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roos P.E., Barton N., van Deursen R.W. Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running. J. Biomech., 2012, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1656-1660. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hao W.Y., Chen Y. Backward walking training improves balance in school-aged boys // Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rehabil. Ther. Technol. 2011. Vol. 3. P. 24. DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-3-24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hao W.Y., Chen Y. Backward walking training improves balance in school-aged boys. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rehabil. Ther. Technol., 2011, vol. 3, pp. 24. DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-3-24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cha H.G., Kim T.H., Kim M.K. Therapeutic efficacy of walking backward and forward on a slope in normal adults // J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2016. Vol. 28, No 6. P. 1901-1903. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cha H.G., Kim T.H., Kim M.K. Therapeutic efficacy of walking backward and forward on a slope in normal adults. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 2016, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1901-1903. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamb T., Yang J.F. Could different directions of infant stepping be controlled by the same locomotor central pattern generator? // J. Neurophysiol. 2000. Vol. 83, No 5. P. 2814-2824. DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2814</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamb T., Yang J.F. Could different directions of infant stepping be controlled by the same locomotor central pattern generator? J. Neurophysiol., 2000, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 2814-2824. DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2814</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider C., Lavoie B.A., Capaday C. On the origin of the soleus H-reflex modulation pattern during human walking and its task-dependent differences // J. Neurophysiol. 2000. Vol. 83, No 5. P. 2881-2890. DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2881</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider C., Lavoie B.A., Capaday C. On the origin of the soleus H-reflex modulation pattern during human walking and its task-dependent differences. J. Neurophysiol., 2000, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 2881-2890. DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2881</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kloppenburg M., Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: epidemiology and therapy // Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020. Vol. 28, No 3. P. 242- 248. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.00</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kloppenburg M., Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: epidemiology and therapy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2020, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 242-248. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.00</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vina E.R., Kwoh C.K. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: literature update // Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2018. Vol. 30, No 2. P. 160-167. DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000479</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vina E.R., Kwoh C.K. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: literature update. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2018, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 160-167. DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000479</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson V.L., Hunter D.J. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis // Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2014. Vol. 28, No 1. P. 5-15. DOI: 10.1016/j. berh.2014.01.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson V.L., Hunter D.J. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 2014, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 5-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.01.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neogi T., Zhang Y. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis // Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 2013. Vol. 39, No 1. P. 1-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.10.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neogi T., Zhang Y. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am., 2013, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.10.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effect of 6-week retro or forward walking program on pain, functional disability, quadriceps muscle strength, and performance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial (retro-walking trial) // A.H. Alghadir, S. Anwer, B. Sarkar, A.K. Paul, D. Anwar // BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2019. Vol. 20, No 1. P. 159. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2537-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alghadir A.H., Anwer S., Sarkar B., Paul A.K., Anwar D. Effect of 6-week retro or forward walking program on pain, functional disability, quadriceps muscle strength, and performance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial (retro-walking trial). BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 2019, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 159. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2537-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gondhalekar G.A., Deo M.V. Retrowalking as an adjunct to conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone on pain and disability in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial // N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2013. Vol. 5, No 2. P. 108-112. DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.107527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gondhalekar G.A., Deo M.V. Retrowalking as an adjunct to conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone on pain and disability in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. N. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2013, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 108-112. DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.107527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khyatee, Mittal K., Gupta S.K. Retro treadmill walking as a rehabilitative tool in knee pain and quadriceps insufficiency // International Journal of Research in Science and Technology. 2013. Vol. 2, No 4, P. 1-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khyatee, Mittal K., Gupta S.K. Retro treadmill walking as a rehabilitative tool in knee pain and quadriceps insufficiency. International Journal of Research in Science and Technology, 2013, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathi M., Palekar T., Varghese A. Efficacy of backward walking on patients with osteoarthritis of knee on quadriceps strength, pain and physical functions // Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther. 2014. Vol. 8, No 4. P. 192-196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathi M., Palekar T., Varghese A. Efficacy of backward walking on patients with osteoarthritis of knee on quadriceps strength, pain and physical functions. Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther., 2014, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 192-196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anadkat H., Ajith S., Dhanesh Kumar K.U. Effectiveness of retro walking treadmill training on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trail // Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. 2015. Vol. 6, No 4. P. 43-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anadkat H., Ajith S., Dhanesh Kumar K.U. Effectiveness of retro walking treadmill training on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trail. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci., 2015, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 43-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manisha N., Joginder Y., Priyanka R. Effect of retro walking on pain, balance and functional performance in osteoarthritis of knee // Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther. 2015. Vol. 9, No 3. P. 154-159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manisha N., Joginder Y., Priyanka R. Effect of retro walking on pain, balance and functional performance in osteoarthritis of knee. Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther., 2015, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 154-159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Somashekar R.R., Sridharamurthy J.N., Timsina S., Jha V. А study to compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with retro-walking versus ultrasound therapy with retro-walking in chronic osteoarthritis of knee // J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2015. Vol. 4, No 60. P. 10494-10503. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1512</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Somashekar R.R., Sridharamurthy J.N., Timsina S., Jha V. А study to compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with retro-walking versus ultrasound therapy with retro-walking in chronic osteoarthritis of knee. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci., 2015, vol. 4, no. 60, pp. 10494-10503. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1512</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rangey P.S., Sheth M.S., Vyas N.J. Comparison of effectiveness of forward and backward walking on pain, physical function, and quality of life in subjects with osteoarthritis of knee // Int. J. Health Allied Sci. 2016. Vol. 5, No 4. P. 220. DOI: 10.4103/2278-344X.194085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rangey P.S., Sheth M.S., Vyas N.J. Comparison of effectiveness of forward and backward walking on pain, physical function, and quality of life in subjects with osteoarthritis of knee. Int. J. Health Allied Sci., 2016, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 220. DOI: 10.4103/2278-344X.194085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wadhwa D.N., Hande D.N. Effects of retro walking on osteoarthritis of knee in geriatric population // IOSR J. Sports Phys. Educ. (IOSR-JSPE). 2016. Vol. 3, No 2. P. 37-43. DOI: 10.9790/6737-03023743 www.iosrjournals.org 37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wadhwa D.N., Hande D.N. Effects of retro walking on osteoarthritis of knee in geriatric population. IOSR J. Sports Phys. Educ. (IOSR-JSPE), 2016, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 37-43. DOI: 10.9790/6737-03023743 www.iosrjournals.org 37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shankar P., Bhandiwad R.M.A., Pai H. Effectiveness of retrowalking in chronic osteoarthritis of knee joint // Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science. 2013. Vol. 3, No 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shankar P., Bhandiwad R.M.A., Pai H. Effectiveness of retrowalking in chronic osteoarthritis of knee joint. Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science, 2013, vol. 3, no. 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinematic and kinetic analysis during forward and backward walking / M. Lee, J. Kim, J. Son, Y. Kim // Gait Posture. 2013. Vol. 38, No 4. P. 674- 678. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee M., Kim J., Son J., Kim Y. Kinematic and kinetic analysis during forward and backward walking. Gait Posture, 2013, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 674-678. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proprioception, gait kinematics, and rate of loading during walking: are they related? / Riskowski J.L., Mikesky A.E., Bahamonde R.E., Alvey T.V. 3rd, Burr D.B. // J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2005. Vol. 5, No 4. P. 379-387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riskowski J.L., Mikesky A.E., Bahamonde R.E., Alvey T.V. 3rd, Burr D.B. Proprioception, gait kinematics, and rate of loading during walking: are they related? J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact., 2005, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 379-387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasan S. Quadriceps Femoris Strength Training: Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation vs Isometric Exercise in OA of Knee // Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther. 2015. Vol. 9, No 3. P. 129-134. DOI: 10.5958/0973-5674.2015.00110.0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasan S. Quadriceps Femoris Strength Training: Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation vs Isometric Exercise in OA of Knee. Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther., 2015, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 129-134. DOI: 10.5958/0973-5674.2015.00110.0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balasukumaran T., Olivier B., Ntsiea M.V. The effectiveness of backward walking as treatment for people with gait impairments: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Clin. Rehabil. 2019. Vol. 33, No 2. P. 171-182. DOI: 10.1177/0269215518801430</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balasukumaran T., Olivier B., Ntsiea M.V. The effectiveness of backward walking as treatment for people with gait impairments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Rehabil., 2019, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 171-182. DOI: 10.1177/0269215518801430</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fagan V., Delahunt E. Patellofemoral pain syndrome: a review on the associated neuromuscular deficits and current treatment options // Br. J. Sports Med. 2008. Vol. 42, No 10, P. 789-795. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.046623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fagan V., Delahunt E. Patellofemoral pain syndrome: a review on the associated neuromuscular deficits and current treatment options. Br. J. Sports Med., 2008, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 789-795. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.046623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rethinking patellofemoral pain: Prevention, management and long-term consequences / K.M. Crossley, M. van Middelkoop, C.J. Barton, A.G. Culvenor // Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2019. Vol. 33, No 1. P. 48-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.02.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crossley K.M., van Middelkoop M., Barton C.J., Culvenor A.G. Rethinking patellofemoral pain: Prevention, management and long-term consequences. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 2019, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 48-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.02.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaitonde D.Y., Ericksen A., Robbins R.C. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome // Am. Fam. Physician. 2019. Vol. 99, No 2. P. 88-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaitonde D.Y., Ericksen A., Robbins R.C. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Am. Fam. Physician, 2019, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 88-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Backward walking alters vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis muscle activity ratio in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome / O.R. Abdelraouf, A.A. Abdel-Aziem, A.A. Ahmed, N.S. Nassif, A.G. Matar // Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2019. Vol. 65, No 2. P. 169-176. DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2019.2445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelraouf O.R., Abdel-Aziem A.A., Ahmed A.A., Nassif N.S., Matar A.G. Backward walking alters vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis muscle activity ratio in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 2019, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 169-176. DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2019.2445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shelbourne K.D., Klotz C. What I have learned about the ACL: Utilizing a progressive rehabilitation scheme to achieve total knee symmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction // J. Orthop. Sci. 2006. Vol. 11, No 3. P. 318-325. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-006-1007-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelbourne K.D., Klotz C. What I have learned about the ACL: Utilizing a progressive rehabilitation scheme to achieve total knee symmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Orthop. Sci., 2006, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 318-325. DOI: 10.1007/s00776-006-1007-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Bone-patellar tendon-bone compared with double semitendinosus and gracilistendon grafts.Aprospective, randomized clinical trial / P. Aglietti, F. Giron, R. Buzzi, F. Biddau, F. Sasso // J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2004. Vol. 86, No 10. P. 2143-2155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aglietti P., Giron F., Buzzi R., Biddau F., Sasso F. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Bone-patellar tendon-bone compared with double semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 2004, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 2143-2155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effects of backward walking on knee proprioception after ACL reconstruction / M. Shen, S. Che, D. Ye, Y. Li, F. Lin, Y. Zhang // Physiother. Theory Pract. 2019. P. 1-8. DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1681040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen M., Che S., Ye D., Li Y., Lin F., Zhang Y. Effects of backward walking on knee proprioception after ACL reconstruction. Physiother. Theory Pract., 2019, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1681040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stride-to-stride variability is altered during backward walking in anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients / F. Zampeli, C.O. Moraiti, S. Xergia, V.A. Tsiaras, N. Stergiou, A.D. Georgoulis // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). 2010. Vol. 25, No 10. P. 1037-1041. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.07.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zampeli F., Moraiti C.O., Xergia S., Tsiaras V.A., Stergiou N., Georgoulis A.D. Stride-to-stride variability is altered during backward walking in anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon), 2010, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1037-1041. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.07.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A Phase Variable Approach to Volitional Control of Powered Knee-Ankle Prostheses / S. Rezazadeh, D. Quintero, N. Divekar, R.D. Gregg // Rep. U. S. 2018. P. 2292-2298. DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2018.8594023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezazadeh S., Quintero D., Divekar N., Gregg R.D. A Phase Variable Approach to Volitional Control of Powered Knee-Ankle Prostheses. Rep. U. S., 2018, pp. 2292-2298. DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2018.8594023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
