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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genort</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гений ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genij Ortopedii</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-4427</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-131X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ЦЕНТР ИЛИЗАРОВА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-1-112-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">genort-2610</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Факторы риска и молекулярные основы этиопатогенеза остеоартроза коленного сустава (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Risk factors and molecular entities of the etiopathogenesis of the knee osteoarthritis (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новаков</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novakov</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly B. Novakov,</p><p>Belgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.novakov@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новакова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novakova</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga N. Novakova, Ph.D. of Biological Sciences,</p><p>Belgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">litovkina@bsu.edu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурносов</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Churnosov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail I. Churnosov, M.D., Ph.D., Professor,</p><p>Belgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">churnosov@bsu.edu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod State National Research University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>№ 1 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Новаков В.Б., Новакова О.Н., Чурносов М.И., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Новаков В.Б., Новакова О.Н., Чурносов М.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Novakov V.B., Novakova O.N., Churnosov M.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2610">https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/2610</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Остеоартроз – это гетерогенная группа заболеваний различной этиологии, при которых в процесс вовлекается не только суставной хрящ, но и субхондральная кость, связки, суставная капсула, синовиальная оболочка и периартикулярные мышцы. Среди остеоартроза крупных суставов одну из самых актуальных проблем по своей медицинской, социальной и экономической значимости представляет гонартроз или остеоартроз коленного сустава.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В представленном литературном обзоре проведён анализ зарубежных и отечественных научных публикаций, посвящённых молекулярным механизмам этиологии и патогенеза остеоартроза коленного сустава, основным факторам риска данного заболевания. Поиск научных публикаций за последние десять лет был выполнен в электронных базах данных PubMed, PubMedCentral, GoogleScholar, eLIBRARY на русском и английском языках по ключевым словам «остеоартроз коленного сустава», «патогенез», «этиология», «факторы риска», «knee osteoarthritis», «etiology», «pathogenesis», «risk factors».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Проведённый анализ литературных источников показал, что значимую роль в развитии заболевания имеют механизмы, в основе которых лежат нарушение метаболизма хряща, воспаление, изменение субхондральной кости, патологические процессы, происходящие в синовиальной оболочке. Остеоартроз коленного сустава является полиэтиологическим заболеванием с целым спектром как локальных (предшествующее повреждение сустава, слабость мышц, нарушение оси сустава, оперативные вмешательства на суставе, повышенная физическая активность, в том числе и спортивная физическая нагрузка, профессиональная деятельность), так и системных факторов риска (старший возраст, женский пол, высокий рост, избыточный вес и ожирение, гормональный статус, наследственная предрасположенность, минеральная плотность кости, дефицит витамина Д, этническая принадлежность), роль которых в различных этно-территориальных группах значительно варьирует.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведённый литературный обзор позволил раскрыть молекулярные механизмы этиопатогенеза остеоартроза коленного сустава, основные факторы риска данной патологии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogenic group of disorders of different etiology with similar biological, morphological and clinical manifestations and outcomes. OA is now considered a disease of the whole joint, including alterations in the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial membrane, ligaments, capsule and periarticular muscles. OA of the knee as the most commonly affected joint accounts for the great medical, medical, social and economic impact.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A literature review assessing Russian and foreign studies on molecular mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis of knee OA identified a set of factors for which there was consistent evidence for their association with onset of knee OA. A search of studies published in Russian and in English for the last ten years was conducted using bibliographic databases, including PubMed, PubMedCentral, GoogleScholar, eLIBRARY. Search terms included 'knee osteoarthritis', 'etiology', 'pathogenesis', 'risk factors'.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Review of the literature showed that patients with knee OA are characterized by changes in cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium, suggesting common mechanisms of joint degeneration during OA development. Osteoarthritis (OA) is multifactorial in origin and closely associated with a wide spectrum of local (previous injury, muscle weakness, knee malalignment, knee surgeries, abnormal mechanical loading, excessive high impact sports, occupational physical activities) and systemic risk factors (advanced age, female sex, height, greater body mass index and obesity, hormone status, family history, mineral bone density, vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity). The prevalence of the knee OA and patterns of joint involvement vary among different racial and ethnic groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The literature review allowed us to identify the molecular mechanisms of etiopathogenesis of knee OA and the major risk factors for the pathology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоартроз коленного сустава</kwd><kwd>этиология</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>knee osteoarthritis</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ревматология. Национальное руководство / под ред. Е.Л. Насонова, В.А. Насоновой. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010. 714 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov E.L., Nasonova V.A., eds. Revmatologiia. Natsionalnoe rukovodstvo [Reheumatology. National manual]. M., GEOTAR-Media, 2010. 714 p. 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